Term
| What are the functional groups commonly found in biological molecules? |
|
Definition
Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Amino
Phophate |
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Term
What is a carbohydrates
a)Monomer?
b)Bond/linkage?
c)Common Use? |
|
Definition
a)monosaccharides
b)glycocidic linkages
c)energy and structure |
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|
Term
What is a proteins
a)Monomer?
b)Bond/linkage?
c) Common Use? |
|
Definition
a)amino acid
b)polypeptide
c)enzymes, structural, receptors, transporters, communication |
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|
Term
What is a Lipids
a)Monomer?
b)Bond/linkage?
c) Common Use? |
|
Definition
a)there is no unifying monomer but they have a unifying property
b)ether bond, connects glycerol to fatty acids
c)membranes, long term energy storage, surround organs for protection, fat in animal bodies(insulation) |
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|
Term
What is a Nucleic Acid
a)Monomer?
b)Bond/linkage?
c) Common Use? |
|
Definition
a)nucleotide
b)phophodiaster
c)DNA and RNA |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins |
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Term
| In which macromolecule do you find alpha and beta bonds? What is the difference? |
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Definition
| You find this macromolecule in carbohydrates. The alpha bond is glycogen and startch and they help with energy, the beta bond is cellulose(nondigestable) and this helps with structure. |
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Term
| Which macromolecule does not have a monomer but a unifying property? What is that property? |
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Definition
| The lipid does not have a unifying monomer, but does have a unifying property, they are all hydrophobic. |
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Term
| What type of a bond is formed when the electronegativity is < or = .5? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of a bond is formed when the electronegativity is > .5? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the basis for all biological molecules? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of bonds are stable in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it occurs as part of a compound |
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|
Term
| What type of bonds are weak in water? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
chemical bond based on the sharing of electrons between two atoms
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Term
| Hydrogen bonds occur with what other elements? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the characteristic that differentiates a polar covalent bond from a nonpolar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| In a polar covalent bond the electrons are pulled towards one atom more than the other this results in an unequal sharing of charge, while in a nonpolar bond they are shared equally. |
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Term
| True or False? A polar covalent bond is neutral. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does it mean if something is hydrophillic? |
|
Definition
| that it has an affinity for water, it likes water |
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|
Term
| What type of atoms are usually hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it has no affinity for water, it "hates" water |
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|
Term
| What are the four types of lipids? |
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Definition
| Terpenes, steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids |
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|
Term
| What type of lipid has an isoprene monomer? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the characateristics of a terpene? |
|
Definition
1. Long chains of hydrocarbons
2. Carbon comes in multiples of 5
3.fragrant and colorful |
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|
Term
| Which type of lipid has a 4 carbon ring? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of a steroid? |
|
Definition
| nutrition, cellular signaling, building blocks of cells |
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|
Term
| What are most steroids derived from? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What makes up a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| three fatty acids and a glyceride |
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|
Term
| What makes up a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| two fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and a polar group |
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Term
| Triglycerides are also commonly known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxyl Functional group |
|
Definition
[image]Acidic, --COOH
[image] |
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|
Term
| What is the name of a triglyceride that is solid at room temperature? Liquid? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What makes up a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl
It has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophillic head |
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|
Term
| Hydroxyl functional group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphate functional group |
|
Definition
Negativley charged, PO42-
[image] |
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|
Term
| True or False. Fatty acids in a single triglyceride must hace the same hydrocarbon chain length and/or structure. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What small group of atoms puts their characteristics on larger molecules? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What do functional groups determine on a molecule |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules, enables linkage to other molecules by condensation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ionizes in living tissue, enters into condensation reactions by giving up -OH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| accepts H+in living tissues to form -NH3+, enters into condensation reactions by giving up H+ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enters into condensation reaction by giving up -OH, when bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy |
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|
Term
| What happens in a condensation reaction? |
|
Definition
| link monomers into polymers and produce water |
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|
Term
| What takes place during a hydrolysis reaction? |
|
Definition
| polymers are broken down into monomers and consume water |
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|
Term
| What are the other terms used to describe hydrolysis and condensation? |
|
Definition
hydrolysis-degradation
condensation-synthesis |
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Term
| Polymers are both made and broken down by a series of reactions involving____? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How do phospholipids act in aqueous environment? |
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Definition
| they line up so that their nonopolar hydrophopic tails pack tightly together and the phosphate-group heads face outwards. These usually end up forming a bilayer. |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? |
|
Definition
Saturated- single carbon bonds, straight, pack together tightly
Unsaturated-one or more double bonds, do not pack together tightly |
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|
Term
| What types of fatty acids reduce fluidity? increase fluidity? |
|
Definition
Increase- short and unsaturated
Reduce-long and saturated
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Term
| What does it mean if a molecule is amphipathic? |
|
Definition
| it has two opposing chemical properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a simple sugar, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are made up of these, the monomer for carbohydrates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| they are giant molecules made up by covalent linkages of smaller molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a small molecule that makes up polymers, found in macromolecules. Each type of macromolecule has its own unique monomer. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers |
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Term
If living organisms on another planet did not use carbon as the main element for construction of molecules, what property or properties should the element used as the molecular basis for life on this planet have?
A. It should be able to form multiple bonds with other elements
B. It should be one of the larger elements
C. It should be one of the smaller elements
D. It should have a low electronegativity to avoid forming ionic bonds
E. It should easily form ions and come in many different isotopes |
|
Definition
| A. It should be able to form multiple bonds with other elements |
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Term
| What do starches, cellulose, and glycogen have in common? What makes them different? |
|
Definition
They are all types of carbohydrates.
§ Starches- energy storage in plants
§ Glycogen- major energy storage molecule in mammals
§ Cellulose- more stable than others because of their linkages, used for structure
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Term
| What are the four types of proteins? |
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of amino acids in poly peptide chain established by covalent bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of polypeptide chain established by hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of primary structure can be alpha or beta |
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|
Term
| tertiary protein structure |
|
Definition
| polypeptide chain bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth giving it a 3-D shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| subunits binded together and interact ex)hemoglobin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| high concentration with respect to other solution |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| has a lower concentration with respect to the other solution |
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|
Term
| Water always flows towards the ________ solution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If the solution outside the cell is hypertonic water will flow ___ the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the solution inside the cell is hypertonic water will flow ___ the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the solution outside the cell is hypotonic water will flow ___ the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the solution inside the cell is hypotonic water will flow ____ the cell. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How can you find the membrane structure through an experiment? |
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Definition
| If you did an experiment like Gorter and Grendel, you would take the original surface area before they broke down the molecules and that number times however many layers of lipids are present should give you the surface area that would be found at the end of the experiment. |
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|
Term
| What would a cell do to keep membrane fluidity when the temperature in its environment drops? |
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Definition
| The cell would add short unsaturated fatty acids to increase the fluidity. |
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|
Term
| What would a cell do to maintain fluidity in a hot environment? |
|
Definition
| the cell would add long saturated fatty acids to the membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a single lipid layer |
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|
Term
| What is the fluid mosaic membrane made up of? |
|
Definition
| proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates |
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|
Term
| What is the fluid mosaic model? |
|
Definition
| The lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids that create a lake. In this lake the proteins float around, or diffuse laterally. It is like floats in a pool. |
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|
Term
| List the parts of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest. |
|
Definition
| microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
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|
Term
| What are the two main factors that affect membrane fluidity? |
|
Definition
| the lipid composition(saturated, unsaturated, short and long) and the temperature(high or low) |
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|
Term
| What are the three main parts of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
1. Cells are the fundamental units of life
2. All living organisms are composed of cells
3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
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|
Term
| What can you imply from the cell theory? |
|
Definition
1. Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life.
2. Life is contiuous. |
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|
Term
| What limits cell size? Why? |
|
Definition
| The surface area to volume ratio. Because the volume of the cell determines the amount of activity that occurs in the cell and the surface area of the cell determines how much it can let in and let out. It is insufficent to have moer volume than the surface area can handle. |
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|
Term
| Do you want the surface area to volume ratio to be large or small? |
|
Definition
| Large... highest number possible |
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|
Term
| What are the different parts of the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
vesicles, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex
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|
Term
| What does the microfilament do for the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| transportation, tranporters attach to them |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| shape and structure, they are the most rigid |
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|
Term
| What happens in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
1. DNA is stored
2. DNA is transcribed and replicated
3.Ribosomes are formed in the nucleus
4. DNA is combined with proteins to form chromatin |
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|
Term
| Where are collagen elastin and laminin found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a triglyceride look like? |
|
Definition
| A glycerol head with 3 fatty acid(hydrocarbon) tails |
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|
Term
| What does a phospholipid look like? |
|
Definition
| A phosphate, then a glycerol, followed by two fatty acid chains |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and one to three nitrogen groups |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| is the site of cellular DNA, comprises chromatin with associated proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
RNA- single stranded, ribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
DNA-double strand, deoxyribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine |
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|
Term
| The bases of nucleic acids are either _____ or _____. What is the difference between the two? |
|
Definition
pyrimidine or purine
pyrimidine- six-membered single ring structure
purine-fused double ring structure |
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|
Term
| What is a phophodiester bond? |
|
Definition
the connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides |
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|
Term
|
Definition
· the bond between amino acids in a protein formed between a carboxyl group and amino group with the loss of water molecules
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|
Term
| What are the functions of membrane proteins? |
|
Definition
| move materials through the cell membrane and receive chemical signals from the cell's external environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a carb that is covalently bonded to a lipid, recognition signal for interactions between cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| carb covalently bonded to a protein, signaling sites, oligosaccharides |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| protrudes through both sides of the membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when the two solutions have equal solute concentrations, water still moving just equally |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of passive diffusion? |
|
Definition
| simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? |
|
Definition
Endocytosis- brings molecules and particles into the cell by surrounding them with the plasma membrane and then buds off as a vesicle into the cell
Exocytosis- removes materials from the cell, by fusing the material filled vesicle to the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion through the bilayer, small particles with no charge, high to low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it uses channels and carriers for charged particles, high to low concentration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| uses specialized channels called aquaporins to diffuse water across the membrane |
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|
Term
| How does the sodium potassium pump work? |
|
Definition
| The higher concentration of K is inside the cell and Na is outside the cell. The potassium pumps these ions into and out of the cell respectivley, against their gradients. It breaks down a molecule of ATP to ADP and a free phosphate ionand use the energy to bring two K ions into the cell and export three Na ions. Each piece is a key to make it change shape. |
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|
Term
| What is the dominant property of the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of active transport? |
|
Definition
| Coupled and counter transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one straight path way down the middle, always passive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either passive or active transport, opens and closes at both ends, lock and key |
|
|
Term
| three types of carrier proteins |
|
Definition
| uniport, antiport, symport |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| never actually connects to the membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| goes all the way through the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| lysosomes and their process |
|
Definition
| Primary lysosome from the golgi fuses with a phagosome formed from the outside of the cell, digests needed materials, releases undigested materials outside the cell |
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|
Term
| What do prokaryotes lack that eukaryotes have? |
|
Definition
| membrane-enclosed internal compartments |
|
|
Term
| eukaryotes have ___, but prokaryotes do not. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes basic structure |
|
Definition
- plasma membrane encloses the cell
- nucleoid- region where DNA is located
- cytoplasm
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|
|
Term
| The cytoplasm has which two components? |
|
Definition
cytosol- mostly water
Ribosomes- complexes of RNA and proteins, protein synthesis |
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|
Term
| What are the specialized features in a prokaryote? |
|
Definition
| cell walls, internal membrane, flagella, and cytoskeleton |
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|
Term
| A ____ is a stack of thylakoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports the cell and is involved with in cell and organelle movement |
|
|
Term
| What happens on the thylakoid membrane? |
|
Definition
| light energy is converted into chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site of much protein synthesis which occurs on ribosomes on its surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins and other molecules are chemically modified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes and packages proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harvest the energy of sunlight to produce sugar |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the nucleolus? |
|
Definition
| ribosomes begin to be assembled from RNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shuttle substances between various components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the programmed destruction of cell components |
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|
Term
| What does the mitochondria mainly make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a unique feature in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the inner membrane in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The fluid filled region inside the inner membrane is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a more general name for chloroplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
| Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually found in plants and fungi, but have many functions, storage, structure, reproduction, catabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with nuclear division and formation of cilia |
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|
Term
| What are the important roles of the cytoskeleton in the cell? |
|
Definition
| support, controls the position and movement of organelles, bulk movement of the cytoplasm, anchors the cell in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the theory of the formation of mitochondria and the cholorplasts, they came from two prokaryotes, because they have characteristics of a prokaryote DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| major microtubule organizing center of animal cells |
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