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changes through generations in the frequency of genes coded by DNA (alleles)
also the origin of new species, new characteristics, new looks, behaviors, etc |
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| genes passed on from one generation to the next |
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| how genes that are passed on are expressed in appearance |
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| genetic make up of organism (at DNA or amino acid level) |
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| physical & physiological trait of an organism that is determined by the genes (genotype) |
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original belief by mendel that by combining 2 traits you would get an intermediate trait
ex: wrinkly pea + smooth pea = semi-wrinkly pea
NOT TRUE |
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| differernt versions of a gene that xpress different phenotypes |
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| Mendel's original wrinkle versus smooth |
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parent generations were purebred smooth and purebred wrinkle
F1 was all smooth
F2 was 3:1 ratio of smooth to wrinkled |
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| gene that determines an organism's appearance |
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| gene that has no noticabl effect (unless it is homozygous recessive) |
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| an organism's 2 alleles will seperate during meiosis and end up in different gametes |
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cross between 2 options of one trait
ex: parent generation (wrinkle vs. smooth) |
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| location(s) of gene on a chromosome |
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two of the same alleles
ex: RR, rr |
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two alleles for a trait are different
ex: Rr |
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| genes that make up traits |
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| cross in which the phenotypes associated with a male and female in a prior cross are reversed - if this gives the same results then the sex of the parent does not influence transmission of a trait. |
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| alleles for different genes separate independently of each other |
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alleles for different genes sort with each other
ex: wrinkle moves with yellow coloring alleles |
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| cross between 2 genes (so 4 alleles, total of 16 possibilities) |
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| ?why does dependent sorting happen? |
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| when genes are located very close together on the chromosome, they are more likely to sort together |
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| homologous chromosome exchange parts making unique gametes |
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| similar to blending, neither allele is dominant |
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heterozygous exhibit both traits seen in homozygous individuals
results are NOT blended like incomplete dominant traits are |
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things like height - tall genes make you tall, short make you short, and mix make you somewhere in between
NOT DISTINCT |
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when one gene afects many others
ex: marfan - affected gene = fibrin but affects other traits on the body |
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