• Kinetic- things in motion
• Potential- stored energy with "potential" to cause change
• Thermal- heat
• Chemical- energy stored in chemical bonds

1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be converted from one type to another
2. Every time energy is converted, useful energy is lost

the system in in equilibrium and energy will not be released or absorbed

• a stable system and the forward and reverse reaction is going to happen at equal rates

the reaction will happen spontaneously and release energy

• less free energy at the end of the reaction

the reaction will not occur unless there is an input of energy

• work has to be done to get the reaction to go
• products have a high free energy

• release energy
• will happen spontaneously
• have a negative ΔG
• ex: cellular respiration

• absorbs energy
• will not happen spontaneously unless energy is put into the system
• has a positive ΔG
• ex: photosynthesis
• energy in products is greater than reactants

• energy from the sun is put into CO2 and water to create glucose and oxygen

the reaction will continue until it reaches equilibrium

• not always useful

removing the products allows reactions to keep happening, but by removing the products more reactants are used and more energy is produced

energy contained in molecules and is released in chemical reactions

-a way to store things that are easily accessible

ATP

the total of all the chemical reaction in an organism

-all the reactions dont happen at ones

the breaking of molecules to release energy (cellular respiration)

+ΔG

the consumption of energy to build molecules, frequently large ones (photosynthesis)

-ΔG

release energy by breaking a bond and take this energy to use it for an endergonic reaction 

net -ΔG so the system will run

• Adenosine Triphosphate
• the main energy carrier in the cell
• an adenosine nitrogen ring attached to 3 phosphate groups
• the bond between the final two phosphate groups stores a lot of chemical energy

the transfer of phosphate groups

- the process is catalyzed by enzymes

• muscle- the motor protein
• active transport- ATP forces things to go against concentration gradient
• chemical reactions

molecules that accelerate reactions with a -ΔG by lowering activation energy

• speeds up only exergonic reactions
• not consumed or changed by the process

• those that need a lot of activation energy progress slowly until a catalyst is added

• inorganic- unregulated
• enzymes- proteins- regulated

1. very specific for the reactions the catalyze
2. their activity can be, and is, tightly regulated

is the place in the enzyme where catalysis actually occurs

• where subtrates bind, reaction is catalyzed, and products are released

What is the catalytic cycle

1. the active site is open and substrates bind
2. the reactivation energy is lowered, and the reaction is catalyzed and proceeds and products are formed
3. the products are released, and the enzyme is in the exact same state as it was in the beginning, ready to do the process again

• they are very sensitive to the environment and changes
• if a cell finds itself out of the ranges the enzyme will not be functional and this can be lethal for the cell

• allosteric
• competitive or noncompetitive
• feedback inhibition

regulation via controlled changes in molecular shape

• these chape changes are caused by inhibitors or activators
• a regulation site, is away from the active site, allows inhibitors to bind causing shape to change to either inhibit or activate the enzyme

the final product will go back and act as an inhibitor to an enzyme for an earlier step

(negative feedback)