1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells
2. the smallest you can be and be alive is a cell
3. all cells arise from preexisting cells

1. Prokaryote
   • Bacteria and Archaea
2. Eukaryote
   • protists
   • fungi
   • animal
   • plant

1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Chromosome
4. Ribosomes

• by not having a nucleus or a membrane-bound organelles

where the prokaryotes DNA sits roughly in the middle of the cell

• there is not a true nucleus because there is no membrane binding it

• A selective barrier that allows the passage of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell
• keeps good stuff in and bad stuff out

a phospholipid bilayer

-proteins a embedded in this to transport things

• central vacuole
• chloroplast
• cell wall

holds all genetic information

• enclosed by the nuclear envelope

that information is stored as DNA, gets transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins

• in the cytoplasm
• membrane-bound on the Endoplasmic Reticulum

• nuclear envelope
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus

a bilayer membrane that encloses the nucleus.

Very selective about what it lets through in order to protect the DNA

• makes up more than half of all membranes in the cell
• a phospholipid bilayer
• connected to the Nuclear Envelope

What are the two types of ER

• Smooth ER 
• Rough ER

there are no ribosomes attached.

• It is the sight of lipid synthesis
• metabolizes carbohydrates into monosaccharides
• detoxifies drugs and poisins and stores calcium ions

has ribosomes attached

• it is the sight of protein synthesis
• distributes transport vesicles( membrane bubbles)
• membrance factory in the cell

the site of protein maturation (protein College)

• not all proteins are the right shape when they come off the ribosome or they may be missing some modifications that make them functional

• Transport Vesicles come into the "receiving" side and deposit proteins- the proteins move through the apparatus and then exit in more transport vesicles- vesicles can go a number of places but mostly they move up to the plasma membrane

lysosomes

• gets rid of waste

membrane bound sack of digestive proteins and molecules

• They degrade other things

• They fuse with vesicles or vacuoles and dump their digestive stuff and the internal of the vesicles gets chewed up and destroyed
• lysosomes cane run around and destroy stuff either

• how cell food is started being metabolized
• in some immune cells, this is how invaders are destroyed
• can also recycle cellular components and organelles when they get old and need to be replaced

• Food vacuole- holds food
• Contractile Vacuoles- pump out excess water out of cells- could be used for movement in things like paramecia
• Central Vacuoles

• only found in plants and store large amounts of water and organic compounds
• occupies 3/4 of the volume of a plant cell
• allows cellular support with turgor pressure

• They are the site of photosynthesis, where plant cells harness energy from sunlight and create sugars
• only found in plant cells

two, an inner and an Outer

• Alsohave their own circular DNA and some ribosomes

Found in both cell types

• the site of energy production
• it is where energy is stored in food is captured in the form of ATP
• Done Via Cellular Respiration
• has a double membrane

anaerobic- without oxygen

aerobic- with oxygen

1. size
2. presence of a double membrane
3. have free ribosomes
4. contain their own circular DNA
5. grow and reproduce independently of the cell cycle

1. an ancestral eukaryotic cell ate a prokaryote with he properties for cellular respiration, but didn't kill it
2. it incorporated the prokaryote which then evolved to modern mitochondria
3. this same cell engulfed another prokaryote that was capable of photosynthesis, which it also incorporated
4. this evolved into modern chloroplast

a system of structural proteins that form a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm and just below the surface of the cell

• provides support to the cell
• maintains cell shape
• provide mechanism for movement in cell that are able to move

• microtubules
• Microfilaments
• intermediate filaments

the largest fibers

• empty tubes like drinking straws
• maintain cell shape, 
• provide motility
• move organelles
• move chromosomes( traffic DNA)

• The smallest fibers
• made of proteins called actin
• maintain cell shape
• help with cell motility
• divide the cell during the end of the cell cycle

• middle sized 
• purely structural and supportive in function
• made of canton

for motility.

the motor proteins walk the vesicle along the fiber

synthesize new cytoskeleton microtubules

-look kind of like churros

situated near the nucleus the majority of the time with microtubules emanating out of them.

Their position changes as the cell divides

• not inside the cell, they are anchored to the plasma membrane
• found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but made of different proteins in different cell types
• purpose: motility
• allow cells to swim by spinning around

• only on Eukaryotes
• hairlike projections that cover the entire outside of the cell
• purpose: motility or moving things outside of the cell
• move in a rhythmic beating motion

• found in multicellular organisms
• the support and anchor point for cells

• proteins
• collogen
• polysaccharides
• the integrin proteins on the surface of the cell bind the Matric to hold cells in place

• size
• no membrane
• no nucleus
• have fimbriae
• no specialized organelles

DNA

Cytoplasm

ribosome

membrane