that chromosomes are the basic genetic inheritance

- genes are on chromosomes and the movement of chromosomes during Meiosis provides the mechanism of inheritance of genes in gamete observed by Mendel

- That A is paired with T, and that G is paired with C

- he also discovered the number of A had no effect on the G or C concentration and vice versa

1. the molecule was double stranded
2. The molecules was helical in nature
3. The molecule was uniform in diameter all the way down

the guys that got a Nobel prize for Franklins discovery

because she had passed and they stole her work

• the DNA was a double helix with two strands wrapping around each other
• the nucleotide bases were arranged so that they were on the inside of the molecule and the phosphate sugars were as a backbone on the outside

• a phosphate group
• sugar ring
• a nitrogen base

1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Thymine
4. Cytosine

by addinf to the 3' hydroxyl group

- A phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5' phosphate of the new nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl of the "old" nucleotide

What are the 7 issues that pop up during replication that have to be resolved

1. Unwinding of the helix
2. reduce increased coiling that builds up when you unwind
3. Synthesize primers for initiation of replicating
4. discontinuous replication of one strand
5. Removal of the primers at the end
6. joining of the gaps made by primer removal
7. proof reading

defined sequence where replication will start

pro- have 1

euk- have many

• an enzyme that can induce supercoiling and also can relieve it
• as the strands are pulled apart, it induces supercoiling and torsion ahead of the replication form, so the topoisomerase moves ahead and relieves the replication fork

• responsible for adding new nucleotides onto the growing chain- 5'-3' polymerization
• "proofreading" where it can go backwards and chew off a portion of what it just replication- 3'-5' exonuclease

What is DNA polymerase I:

• responsible for filling gaps
• has 5'-3' polymerization and the 3'-5' exonuclease activities, so it can replicate and proofread
• but it can also remove nucleotides in front of it so that it can chew the same direction it is moving

• lays down RNA primers
• it is a type of RNA polymerase that is happy using a single stranded template- since DNA polymerase is not
• it acts after the single stranded binding protein binds but before the DNA polymerase can do its thing
• the primers are removed by the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of polymerase I

• it seals the break so that you have one continuous piece if DNA

1. open up DNA strand
2. sitting ahead of replication form is topoisomerase so it can relieve supercoiling
3. helicase wedges into the fork, breaks hydrogen and opens up the strands
4. the single stranded binding proteins comes in a coats the single strands- stabilizing them
5. primase adds the RNA primers to the single strands so that there is a double stranded template
6. DNA polymerase III loads and replicates in the 5'-3' direction, adding nucleotides onto the 3' end
7. DNA polymerase I loads and chew away the RNA primer and synthesizes new DNA in its wake
8. DNA ligase seals the ends of the DNA strands

• the 3' side is restricted by proximity to the helicase
• so there is discontinuous hopping where the DNA polymerase moves away from the helicase until it reaches the 5' end of the segment replicated before it
• - creates Okazaki fragments

1. Mismatch repair- removes a single nucleotide to fiz a single problem
2. Nucleotide Excision- removes a large segment of the DNA to be re-replicated