Term
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Definition
| He was an Austrian monk that worked with pea plants |
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Term
| Who was Mendel referred as and why? |
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Definition
| "Father of Genetics" for his great contributions to the field of inheritance |
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Term
| What was ironic about Mendel discovering Genetics |
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Definition
| he was not a biologist, he was a statistician |
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Term
| Why did Mendel succeed when biologist failed? |
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Definition
| he chose a good model organism |
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Term
| What was Mendel's organism and what attributes made it a good model? |
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Definition
a pea plant
- really easy to grow
- has true breeding strains
- easily control matings to eliminate variables
- grows to maturity in one season
- easily observable characteristics
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Term
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Definition
a unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring
- it is the actual trait
ex: petal color |
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Term
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Definition
"one or two or more forms of a gene"
- what a trait looks like
ex: purple or white |
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Term
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Definition
| because the genetic sequence between one member of a homologous pair is not identical to the sequence in the other chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
the genetic makeup of a given organism
-the gene, the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
the physical manifestation of a gene
- what the gene looks like |
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Term
| What does genotype arise from |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the phenotype arise from |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the design flow of Mendel's experiment |
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Definition
| monohybrid cross of the parent generation-> self-fertilization-> asses |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid cross |
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Definition
| a single gene cross between two heterozygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| parents produce offspring with the same phenotype. ALWAYS |
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Term
| What is the Parental Generation (P) |
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Definition
| - mating two true breeding pea plants together |
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Term
| what are the offspring of the parental generation called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called if you self-fertilize the F1 generation |
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Definition
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Term
| Why wouldn't Mendel's experiment work in humans |
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Definition
- cant control who breeds with who
- cant self- fertilize a human or mate with the same generation- would run into disorders
- too many variables to track
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Term
| What did Mendel call genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Mendel see when he studied one gene (petal color) with two alleles (purple or white allele) |
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Definition
P: true- breeding purple with true breeding white
F1: all purple
F2: 3/4 purple, 1/4 white (3:1 ratio) |
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Term
| Wdid just looking at one gene at a time work |
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Definition
| because the genes were not sex- dependent so the colors could have come from the male parent or the female parent |
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Term
| What were the three postulate that Mendel made |
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Definition
- Unit factors (alleles) exist in pairs
- In the pair, one allele is dominant, and one is recessive
- the paired unites segregate independently during gamete formation
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Term
| Pea plants are diploid organisms, so when you are describing the genotype.. |
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Definition
| you describe the gene that is on each one of the homologous pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| if the allele is said to be on both chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| are both the dominant allele |
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Term
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Definition
| if the genes are both the recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
| if the individual has a different allele on each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
the allele that masks the appearance of the other alleles
ex: if you have one copy of that dominant allele, that is the phenotype you see
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Term
| homozygous dominant or heterozygous individuals will always show |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the allele that is masked by the dominant allele |
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Term
| In order for a recessive allele to be seen |
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Definition
| you must have two copies (homozygous recessive) of the recessive allele in order to see the phenotype |
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Term
| What does dominacne NOT mean |
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Definition
| the frequency in the population |
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Term
| What is Mendel's first law |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the law of segregation mean |
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Definition
| pairs of alleles separate independently of each other in gametes |
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Term
| What is the genotypic ration of a monohybrid cross of Ppx Pp |
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Definition
| a 1:2:1 because it describes the frequencies of the different genotypes |
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Term
| What is the phenotypic ration of a monohybrid cross of Pp x Pp |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have an organism that has the dominant phenotype showing, how would you know their genotype? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drawing the Punnett square for watch of the two possible crosses and see which outcome predicted matches you experimental outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at two traits with a possibility of 4 alleles |
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Term
| What is Mendel's Dihybrid ration |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
genes separate and are inherited INDEPENDENTLY of one another
ex: pea color has no effect on pea shape |
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Term
| How is all of this useful |
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Definition
| WE can make prediction of the results of various crosses and compare that to experimental data to see if we are correct or not |
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Term
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Definition
| the predicted outcome of a processes, it can be expressed as a ratio or a percentage |
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Term
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Definition
the probability of a generalize outcome that can be accomplished in more than one way. the trigger word is OR
-the probability increases from the dingle event |
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Term
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Definition
the probability of two events occurring at the same time. The big trigger word is AND
- the probability goes way down because two things happening simultaneously is a lot harder to accomplish than two things occurring in multiple possible ways |
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Term
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Definition
| charts that track the occurrence of a given phenotype throughout the generations of a family |
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Term
| What can pedigrees provide |
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Definition
clues as to the mechanism of inheritance
ex: is the trait dominant or recessive |
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Term
| true or false: dominant are observed on every generation in both genders in pedigrees |
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Definition
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Term
| in pedigrees, recessive traits are observed to |
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Definition
| skip a generation and the reappear and affect both genders |
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