Term
| 2 categories of reproductive barriers |
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Definition
| prezygotic and postzygotic |
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Term
| prezygotic reproductive barriers |
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Definition
| ecological isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation |
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Term
| postzygotic reproductive barriers |
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Definition
| hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility, hybrid breakdown |
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Definition
different environments
ex: ladybugs feed on different plants |
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Definition
active or fertile at different times
ex: field crickets mature at different rates |
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Definition
different activities
ex: frog matings calls differ |
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Definition
mating organs or pollinators incompatible
ex: sage species use different pollinators |
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Definition
gametes cannot unite
ex: sea urchin gametes incompatible |
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Definition
hybrid offspring fail to reach maturity
ex: hybrid eucalyptus seeds and seedlings not viable |
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Definition
hybrid offspring unable to reproduce
ex: lion-tiger cross infertile |
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Definition
second generation hybrid offspring have reduced fitness
ex: offspring of hybrid mosquitoes have abnormal genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of allelles between populations |
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Term
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Definition
| phylogenetic system that groups based on ancestral and derived characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA remains unchanged, but small chemical molecules (epi-marks) are added to the DNA or to the histones |
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Term
| In epigenetics, the chemical additions can: |
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Definition
1. control whether genes are "turned on" or "turned off"
2. be added at any time, from fetus to adult
3. be added in response to environmental stimuli (stress, food types, exercise, chem exposure, etc.)
4. usually not inherited but sometimes retained as part of the chromosome during reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| agouti mice- one sister was fed a diet high in methyl donors, most of it's offspring were mostly brown and stayed healthy for life |
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Term
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Definition
protect males from underexposure to testosterone and mothers from overexposure to testosterone as a developing fetus
ex: boost sensitivity to testosterone in XY fetuses
decrease sensitivity in XX fetuses |
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Term
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Definition
many members of a population die leaving only a few survivors
ex: cheetahs |
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Definition
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Definition
| leaf sinks > fine sediment covers leaf > sediment compresses, forming sedimentary rock |
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Term
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Definition
| animal dies, decays and is buried > water containing dissolved minerals seeps through > organic matter replaced by minerals "turns to stone" |
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Term
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Definition
| animal dies, making impression in mud > animal decays away > mud hardens to rock |
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Term
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Definition
| animal dies and sinks into soft sediment > animal decays away > imprint fills with mud > mud hardens to rock |
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Term
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Definition
| fossils preserved in tree resin, which hardens to form amber |
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Term
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Definition
| places a fossil into a sequence of events without assigning it a specific age (based on law of superposition- lower rock strata presumed to be older than higher layers) |
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Term
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Definition
| uses radioactive isotypes as a "clock"- they decay or emit particles (radiation) over time |
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Term
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Definition
the time it takes for one half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive substance to decay
(the amount remaining can be measured to estimate the age of the fossil) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Earth's surface consists of several rigid layers called tectonic plates that move in response to forces acting deep within the planet
(where plates come together, mountain ranges form as the plates become wrinkled and distorted; subduction zones- one plate dives beneath another, forming a deep trench) |
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Term
| What 2 land masses collided to form the Appalachian mountains and the supercontinent Pangea? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 structures have similarities between them that reflect common ancestry
ex: arm and chicken wing |
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Term
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Definition
has no apparent function in one organism but is homologous to a functional structure in another species
(Darwin compared them to silent letters in a word, such as "g" in night) |
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Term
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Definition
-a protein and gene product
-functions as a key enzyme in oxidation reactions
-practically every living organism
-it is part of the electron transport chain in respiration that shows the more closely related 2 species are, the more alike is their cytochrome c amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| the universe is an expanding entity that "burst forth" 13.8 BYA from a hot, condensed mass |
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Term
| idea of how life on earth began (Miller-Urey experiment 1953) |
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Definition
electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen
-problem is that early Earth atmosphere probably had little hydrogen |
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Term
| idea of how life on earth began (hydrothermal vents) |
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Definition
| life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, which output hydrogen-rich molecules. Rocky areas around the vents may have concentrated these molecules and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions |
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Term
| idea of how life on earth began (Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith) |
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Definition
| first molecules of life might have joined on clay, these surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds, but also helped organize them into patterns much like our genes do now |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia was cycled through an aparatus; electrical sparks were applied to the mixture; after a week about 10-15% of the carbon in the system was in organic compounds, including amino acids |
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Term
| what inorganic molecules were needed as precursors to life on earth? |
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Definition
| energy + water, hydrogen, ammonia, methane |
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Term
| what evidence is there that life may have originated elsewhere in the universe and been transported to earth? (panspermia hypothesis) |
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Definition
-electron microscopy revealed structures that were considered to be the fossilized remains of bacteria-like life forms
-by 2005, scientific consensus was that the "microfossils" were due to contamination by earthly biofilms
-in 2009, new analyses ruled out earthly and non-biological origins, presenting strong evidence of life on mars |
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Term
| In what form is DNA in when it is passed from one generation to the next? |
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Definition
| when it has been condensed into packets called chromosomes |
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Term
| what are the purpose and primary features of meiosis? |
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Definition
| purpose- passing genetic info onto the next generation, it is the specialized type of cell division that gives rise to sex cells (reduces amount of genetic material in gamete) |
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Term
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Definition
| division of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| mitotic division of sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 homologous exchange genetic material in prophase 1 resulting in new gene combos (generating variability), random alignment of chromosome pairs and random fertilization |
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Term
| what are the 3 primary sources of genetic variation? |
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Definition
| mutations, gene flow, sex |
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Term
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Definition
| section of DNA that codes for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's combo of allelles for a particular gene (expresses genetic makeup) |
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Term
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Definition
| observable characteristics of an organism |
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Term
| relationship between genotype and phenotype |
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Definition
| the genotype codes for the phenotype; the genotype holds instructions that are used and interpretated by cellular machinary of cells to produce the phenotype |
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Term
| what are the 2 processes that translate genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a DNA sequence; can be good, bad or have no impact; important agents in evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| any external agent that causes a mutation |
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Term
| under what conditions could a mutation be inherited from a parent? |
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Definition
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Term
| ordovician (490-443 MYA) and silurian (443-417 MYA) periods |
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Definition
-diverse ocean communities
-land plants appear |
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Term
| devonian period (417-353 MYA) |
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Definition
-the 'age of fishes'
-from aquatic to terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
-age of amphibians
-primitive reptiles near end
-vast smaps and lush forests |
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Term
| permian period (290-248 MYA) |
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Definition
-reptiles diversity
-amniotic egg appears |
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Term
| triassic period (248-206 MYA) |
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Definition
| thecodonts (early ancestor of dinos) and therapsids (early ancestor of mammals) |
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Term
| jurassic and cretaceous period |
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Definition
-giant reptiles dominated
-earliest flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
divergent tectonic plate
-separates Eurasian and North American plates
-separates African and South American plates |
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