Term
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Definition
1. Organized 2. Require energy 3. Maintain Regulation 4. Adapt/Evolution 5. Respond to environment 6. Grow and Develop 7. Reproduce |
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Term
Life Property 1. Levels of Biological Organization |
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Definition
- The biosphere:made of all environments on Earth inhabited by life
- Ecosystems: all living things in an area, and nonliving components that interact with living
- Communities:organisms in an ecosystem
- Populations: individuals in a species in an area
- Organisms: Individual living things
- Organs/Organ systems: carry out functions in body
- Tissues: make up organs
- Cells
- Organelles: functional components that make up cells
- Molecules: chemical structure, ex: DNA, RNA
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Term
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Definition
- Studying an entire system (combo of components that function together)
- GOAL: construct models for whol biological systems->predict change in variables, affect on system
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Term
Life Property 2. Require Energy |
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Definition
- Energy Flow
- Nutrient Cycle
- ATP(cellular work energy)
- Animals: glucose and triglycerides
- Plants: photosynthesis (ATP+food)
- Bacteria: sugars(fruit, milk, glucose)
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Term
Life Property 3. Maintain Regulation |
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Definition
- Feedback: keep in equilibrium->product of process regulates process
- Negative Feedback: accumulation of end product of a process slows that process (ex: making ATP, inhibits enzyme when there is too much)
- Positive Feedback: end product speeds up production (ex: blood clotting)
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Term
Life Property 4. Adapt/Evolve to survive |
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Definition
- Organisms today are modified descendants of common ancestors. (shared traits = common ancestors)
- Ex: elephant tusk size->large tusk elephants killed, shorter tusked left to reproduce
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Term
Life Property 5. Respond to their Environment |
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Definition
Examples: - plants turn to sunlight
- Nerves: touch/feel pain = human response
- Flagella: sperm/bacteria
- Cilia: movement toward/away
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Term
Life Property 6. Grow and Develop |
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Definition
- Mitosis: constantly forming new cells
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Term
Life Property 7. Reproduction |
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Definition
- cell cycle = meiosis
- DNA: double helix made of nucleotides
- Controls protein production (RNA)
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Term
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Definition
- 4 major: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen
- Others: Calcuim, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesiu,
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Term
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Definition
substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements comdined in a fixed ratio (table salt) |
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Term
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Definition
Elements required by an organism only in minimum quanities (ex: iron, iodine only .15mm) |
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Term
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Definition
- Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
- Molecule: 2+atoms held together by covalent bonds
- Single bond: one pair of shared electrons
- Double bond: two pairs of valence electrons (ex: oxygen and hydrogen)
- Valence: number of unpair valence electrons
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Term
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Definition
- one atom(Na, 1 valence) with lone valence electron gives to another atom(Cl, 7 valence) to fill outer shell
- atoms become charged ions (cation, anion)
- Compounds formed by ionic bonds=ionic compounds, salts (NaCl)
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
- ex: Hydrogen on water molecule bonded to nitrogen of ammonia molecule
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Term
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Definition
- Bridge
- found in rough ER in cells
- secretory proteins, lysosomal proteins, and the exoplasmic domains of membrane proteins.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Proteins (between amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Polar molecule: opposite ends of molecule have opposite charges (O=-, H=+)
- Attraction = electrical (H+ attracted to O- of another molecule)
- 2 water molecules held together by: HYDROGEN BOND
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Term
Hydrogen Bonds in LIQUID form of water are... |
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Definition
- very fragile
- 1/20th as strong as covelant bonds
- constantly breaking and forming new bonds
- makes water more structured than other liquids
- COHESION: hydrogen bonds hold water together
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrogen bonds hold water together
- helps transport of water and nutrients against gravity in plants
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Term
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Definition
- clinging of one substance to another
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Term
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Definition
- measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
- Water = greater surface tension than most liquids
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Term
water: Moderation of Temperature |
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Definition
- water absorbs heat from air
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Term
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Definition
- Less dense as a solid than as liquid due to HYDROGEN BONDING
- Water expands as solid
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Term
Properties/Functions of Water |
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Definition
- Form Bonds
- Break Bonds
- Transport Molecules/substances
- High heat carrying capacity
- Cooling
- pH
- Lubrication
- Cushion
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Term
Water Property #1: Forming Bonds |
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Definition
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Term
Water Property #2: Break bonds |
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Definition
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Term
Water Property #3: Transport molecules/substances |
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Definition
- EXAMPLES: glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals
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Term
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Definition
sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution |
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Term
Water Property #4: High heat carrying capacity |
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Definition
- Hydrogen bonds:good ability to absorb heat from air, can release stored air that is cooler
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Term
Water Property #5: Cooling system |
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Definition
- "sweat": bodies releasing of water to cool (zinc and salt)
- Homeostasis
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Term
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Definition
- Potential Hydrogen
- H2O->H++OH-
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Term
Water Property #7: Lubrication |
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Definition
- Water in joints
- water in eyes
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Term
Water Property #8: Cushion |
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Definition
- Spinal Cord
- Amniotic fluid
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Term
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Definition
- tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space
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Term
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Definition
- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- movement of water across cell membranes, balance of water between cell and environment
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Term
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Definition
- No net movement of water across the plasma membrane
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Term
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Definition
- Water diffuses inward
- higher concentration inside the cell, so water enters cell to balance
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Term
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Definition
- Water diffuses out of cell
- Low concentration inside cell, so water diffuses out of cell
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Term
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Definition
- Completes valence electrons by sharing 4 w/other atoms
- acts as intersection point for atoms in 4 directions
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Term
| 4 variations of carbon skeletons |
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Definition
- Length: # of carbons in a line
- Branching (branched/unbranched)
- Double Bonds: double bonds, vary in location
- Rings:
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Term
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Definition
- Molecule consisting of only carbons and hydrogens
- simplest organic molecules
- IN FAT MOLECULES:one non hydrocarbon connected w/ 3 hydrocarbon tails
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Term
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Definition
- attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon
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Term
6 Functional Groups (all hydrophilic->increase solubility of organic compounds in water) |
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Definition
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate
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Term
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Definition
- -OH
- hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen atom->bonded to carbon skeleton or organic molecule
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Term
| Hydroxyl: Name of compounds |
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Definition
- Alcohols (names ending in -ol)
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Term
| Hydroxyl: functional properties |
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Definition
- POLAR: b/c of electronegative oxygen atom pulling electrons to it
- Attracts water molecules (helps dissolve organic molecules, like sugars)
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Term
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Definition
- >C=O
- Carbon atom joined to oxygen atom by double bond
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Term
| Name of Carbonyl Compounds |
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Definition
- Ketones: if carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton
- Aldehydes: if carbonyl group is at end of carbon skeleton
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Term
| Carbonyl functional properties |
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Definition
- ketones and aldehydes are isomers (different properties) thus making different carbonyls
- EXAMPLE: acetone and propanal
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Term
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Definition
- oxygen atom double bonded with carbon
- and carbon bonded with hydroxyl group
- -COOH
O // -C \ OH
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Term
| Name of Carboxyl compounds |
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Definition
- Caroxylic acids (organic acids)
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Term
| Carboxyl functional properties |
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Definition
- Acidic properties(b/c source of hydrogen ions)
- Covalent bond btwn O and H is so POLAR: that H+ dissociate
- found in cells in ionic form (carboxylate group)
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Term
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Definition
- Glycine
- both amine and carboxyl groups
- compounds with both groups =AMINO ACID
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Amino group functional properties |
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Definition
- Acts as a base (can pick up proton from surrounding solution)
- Ionized with a charge of +1 when in cells
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Term
| Sulfhydryl group compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulfhydryl group EXAMPLES |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulfydryl functional properties |
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Definition
- 2 sulfhydryl groups can interact to stabilize protein structure
- helps to stabilize and/or form proteins by producing disulfide bonds
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Term
| Phosphate group compound name |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Glycerol phosphate
- ATP: adenosine triphosphate
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Term
| Phosphate functional properties |
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Definition
- Makes the molecule it is connected to an anion
- can transfer energy btwn organic molecules
- Required to form ATP and backbone of DNA and mRNA
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Term
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Definition
- long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
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Term
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Definition
- building blocks of polymers (small molecules)
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Term
| Condensation Reaction: dehydration reaction |
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Definition
- 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule
- dehydration b/c molecule lost a water
- PROCESS OF POLYMER PRODUCTION
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Term
| Bond between 2 monomers (part of dehydration rxn): |
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Definition
- each monomer contribute part of water molecule lost in condensation reaction
- 1 monomer provides hydroxyl group (-OH)
- 1 monomer provides a hydrogen (-H)
- HOW POLYMERS ARE MADE
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Term
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Definition
- Breaking apart polymers
- bonds btwn monomers broken by adding water
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Term
| Four main classes of macromolecules |
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Definition
- Carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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Term
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Definition
- Monosaccharides (major nutrients in cells):
- Glucose, Galactose->ATP
- Fructose
- Ribose->DNA,RNA
- Ribulose->photosynthesis
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Term
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Definition
- Maltose (glucose+glucose)
- Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
- Lactose (glucose+galactose)
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Term
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Definition
- energy/ATP (fuel)
- cellular work
- transport
- storage
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Term
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Definition
- 1-4(alpha) linkage: Starch (glucose monomers)
- 1-4 beta linkage: cellulose (cell walls in plants)
- Glycogen (storage of glucose in humans)
Glycogen = long chain of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
- Glycosidic linkage: covalent bond btwn 2 monosaccharides (dehydration reaction)
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Term
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Definition
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
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Term
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Definition
- Glycerol->3 fatty acid chains
- Glycerol = 3 carbons+hydroxyl group
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Term
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Definition
- Triglyceride (created w/ester bond in condensation rxn)
- Glycerol+3 fatty acid chains
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Term
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Definition
- ATP Energy/energy storage
- Insulation
- Protection
- Digest carbohydrates/sugars
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Term
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Definition
- no double bonds btwn carbon atoms->many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to carbon skeleton
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Term
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Definition
- Ester bond (between glycerol and fatty acid chains)
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Term
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Definition
- Glycerol, Phosphate(negative charge), 2 fatty acid chains
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Term
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Definition
- no affinity for water (hydrophobic)
- consist of mostly hydrocarbons
- highly varied in form and function
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Term
| bilayer structure of phospholipids |
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Definition
- Hydrocarbon tails=hydrophobic
- phosphate group attached=hydrophilic
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Term
| Phospholipid polymer and function |
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Definition
- all cell membranes are phospholipids in animal, plant, bacteria and organelles)
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Term
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Definition
- sex hormones (estradial+testosterone)
- cell membrane in animals(prevents freezing)
- vitamin D precursor
- Bile precursor (released into digestive tract when eat something fatty)
- other steroid synthesis
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Term
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Definition
- carbon skeleton=ring shaped (4 fused rings) with connected functional groups
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Term
Protein functions (STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION) |
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Definition
- speed up chemical rxns
- structural support
- storage
- transport
- cellular communications
- movement
- defense
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Term
| Enzymatic protein function |
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Definition
- Selective acceleration of chemical rxns
- EX: digestive enzymes break down food
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Term
| Structural proteins functions |
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Definition
- EX: Keritin protein=hair,nails
- EX: Collagen+elastin=framework of connective tissues
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Term
| Storage protein functions |
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Definition
- EX: Ovalbumin protein of egg white, amino acid source for developing egg
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Term
| Transport protein function |
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Definition
- Transport other substances
- EX: Hemoglobin in blood transports oxygen from lungs to body
- EX: other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes
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Term
| Hormonal protein functions |
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Definition
- Coordination of organism activities
- EX: insulin regulates concentration of sugar in blood
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Term
| Receptor protein functions |
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Definition
- response of cell to cheimcal stimuli
- EX: receptors in membrane of nerve cell detect chemical signals from other nerve cells
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Term
| Contractile and motor protein functions |
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Definition
- Actin and myosin=muscle movement
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Term
Defensive protein function |
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Definition
- EX: Antibodies combat viruses and disease
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Term
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Definition
- amino acids (20 different amino acids)
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Term
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Definition
- Polypeptides
- proteins have one or more that are folded and coiled in specific ways
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Term
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Definition
- Peptide bonds
- When carboxyl group and amino group from different amino acids go through condensation rxn, removing water molecule
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Term
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Definition
- CONTAINS: amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and variable group
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Term
| Primary protein structure |
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Definition
- long chain of amino acids
- like order of letters in a word
- inherited by genetic information(not random linking of amino acids)
- Determines protein shape
- least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding
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Term
| Secondary protein structure |
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Definition
- coils and folds in polypeptide chain in repeating configurations
- hydrogen bonds between H+in amino acids
- Alpha helix: Coil, hydrogen bond between every 4th amino acid
- Beta pleated sheet: fold, hydrogen bonds(Hair) between 2 polypeptide chains side by side(skin, connective tissue)
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Term
| Tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
- Overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains
- 3 dimensional
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Term
| Quaternary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- overall protein structure that results from collection of polypeptide subunits
- EX: collagen, hemoglobin
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Term
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Definition
- Nucleotide
- PO4(phosphate group)+5 carbon sugar+nitrogenous base
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Term
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Definition
- polynucleotides
- DNA=phosphate group, deoxyribose(5Csugar), nitrogenous bases(adenin, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
- RNA=phosphate group, ribose(5Csugar), nitrogenous bases (cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine)
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Term
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Definition
- Phosphodiester bond (made from condensation rxn)
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Term
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Definition
- Store information for the synthesis of specific proteins
- stores info programming cells activities
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Term
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Definition
- Carries genetic information from DNA to protein making machine in cell
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