Term
| T or F: Prokaryotes have a plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| True. It enclosed the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes. shorter and more numerous than sex pili. also called attachment pili |
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Term
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Definition
| region where prokaryote DNA is located. Not enclosed by a membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize proteins in all cells |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane enclosing the cytoplasm that regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| regid structure outside of plasma membrane. maintains cell shape, provides physical protection and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sticky, jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes. made of polysaccharide or protein and enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony. Also protests against dehydration and shields from attacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Locomotion organelles of some bacteria. can be focused on either end or around the cell |
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Term
| 3 common shapes of bacteria |
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Definition
| spheres (coci), rods (bacilli), and spirals |
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Term
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Definition
| network of modified-sugar polymeres cross-linked by short polypeptides. Makes up bacteria cell walls and is not present in archaeal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria with simple walls made of a large amount of poptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| have less peptidoglycan and are more structurally comples. contain lipoplysaccharides in outer membrane. more resistant to defenses because of outer membrane and toxicty of lipopolysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
movement towards or away from a stimulus.
Ex: towards other organisms in same family or towards nutrients.
Ex: away from harmful chemicals |
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Term
| Prokaryotic genome vs. Eukaryotic |
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Definition
| consists of a circular chromosome with fewer proteins than eukaroytic DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| small circular chromosomes of separately replicating DNA in prokaryotes |
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Term
| Three key Prokaryotic Features and benefits |
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Definition
1) they're small
2) they reproduce by binary fission. allows for quick reproduction and increases chances of mutations
3) they have short generation times. allows for faster reproduction rates causing more genetic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| resistant cells developed when an essential nutrient is lacking. Chromosome is copied and surounded by a tough wall, water is removed, and metabolism halts. Rest of the cell disintegrates and then the endospore can be stored for long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
viruses that infect bacteria
Ex: T4 |
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Term
| e ways of prokaryote DNA exchange |
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Definition
| Transformation, Conjuction, and Transduction |
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Term
| 3 ways of prokaryote DNA exchange |
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Definition
| Transformation, Conjuction, and Transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of DNA that allows for conjugation |
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Term
| F+ cells ______ and F- cells _______ |
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Definition
| act as donor, act as recipient, becomes converted into F+ |
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Term
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Definition
| has F factor built into chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| code for enzymens tha specifically destroy/hinder effectiveness of cetain antibiotics. carried on R plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses _______ reproduce/carry out metabolic activities outside of host cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passed tobacco sap through a bacteria filter. discovered that it was either very small bacteria or something that bacteria produced that was infecting tobacco plants |
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Term
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Definition
| showed viruses can reproduce and is credited with being the first to voice the concept of a virus |
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Term
| Virus genomes may consist of |
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Definition
| singe or double stranded DNA or RNA |
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Term
| Virus genome is usually orgainzed as a: |
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Definition
| single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein shell enclosing a viral genome. is either rod shaped, polhedral, or more complex based on the virus. Made of protein subunits called capsomers |
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Term
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Definition
| protein subunits that make up a virus capsid |
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Term
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Definition
| Envelop virus and are derived from the membrane of host cell and contain host phospholipids and membrane proteins. |
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Term
| Why can viruses only reproduce in a host cell? |
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Definition
| They lasck metabolic enzymens and equipment to make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The variety of hosts that a virus can infect. Have a lock and key fit between a specific receptor site on the host and the virus that was evolved by the virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| phage reproductive cycle that ends with the death of the host cell by lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| phage that reproduced with only the lytic cycle |
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Term
| Stages of the lytic cycle |
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Definition
1) T4 used tail fibers to attach to speccific receptor site
2) sheath of tail contacts, ejecting phage DNA into cell. DNA is hydrolyzed
3) page DNA directs duplication of phage proteins and genome
4) phage is assembled from 3 different proteins, 1 each for the head, tail, and tail fibers.
5) enqyme is produced that damages cell walls of host, allowing liquid ot enter until the cell bursts. |
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Term
| Bacteria defense against phages |
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Definition
| Bacteria restriction enzymes cut up phage DNA before it reproduces |
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Term
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Definition
| allows replication of phage without destrying the host |
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Term
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Definition
| undergo lysogenic and lytic cycles |
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Term
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Definition
1) phage attaches and injests DNA
2) DNA incorporates into bacteria chromosome. Viral DNA becomes a prophage and most of it goes inactive
3) BActeria reproduces normally, copying and transmitting the phage
4) environmental signal triggers a switch to the lytic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| viral DNA incorporated into a bacteria chromosome during lysogenic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| spikes on outside of a virus that allow for attachment to a host. made from ribosomes bound to the ER of host and sugars added by enzymens in the ER and Golgi A. |
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Term
| Reproductive Cycle of RNA Virus |
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Definition
1) Glycop on viral env. bind to specific recpt. molec. on host
2) capis and viral genome enter cell. capsid is dgested
3) viral genome is template for complementary RNA synthesis and mRNA
4)New RNA copies made using comp. RNA strand as template
5) Comp RNA strand functions as mRNA and is translated into capsid and glycop for viral env.
6) vesicles transpot glycop to plasma membrane
7) Capsid assembles around each viral genome
8) new birus buds from cell through exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Class VI, have most complicated reproductive cycle of RNA animal viruses. Ex: HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme found in retroviruses that transcribes RNA template into DNA (backwards of normal) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 indentical single-stranded RNa and 2 molecules of reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| Reproductive cycel of Retrovirus (HIV) |
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Definition
1) Glycop allows bindage to white blood cells
2)Virus enters by endocytosis, capsid proteins removed releasing viral proteins and RNA
3)Reverse Transc. catalyzes synthesis of DNA strand complementary to RNA
4)Rev. Transc. catalyzes synthesis of DNA strand complementary to DNA 1
5)Double stranded DNA incorporated as provirus into cells DNA
6) Proviral genes transcribed into RNA for next viral generation and mRNA for translation into viral protein (capsid protein, rev. transc., envelope glycop)
7) vesicles transport glycop to cells plasma memb.
8) capsides assemble around viral genomes adn rever. transc molec.
9) exocytosis creases new virus |
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Term
| When is it believed that viruses evolved and why? |
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Definition
| evolved after other life forms because they're dependent on other life forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrovirus RNA that is converted into double stranded DNA and incorporated into hosts DNA. mainly inactive but can have some active genes |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA segments that can move from 1 location to another within a cells genome |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded DNA virus that is very large. has traits that were previously thought of as trains of only gellular genome |
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Term
| What does the damage caused by a virs depend on? |
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Definition
| The ability of the infected tissue to regenerate by cell division. Intestinal tissue is more resistant because it regenerates quickly. Nervous tissue is vulenerable because it doesnt regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates the immunse systems defenses against the harmful version of the pathogen |
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Term
| What is a target for the development of viral vaccines? |
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Definition
| the enzymes that are encoded in some viruses |
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Term
| Emerging Viruses and examples |
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Definition
new viruses or viruses that appear suddenly
Ex: HIV, Ebola (entral Africa, causes hemorrhagic fevor), West Nile Virus, SARS (China, 2002) |
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Term
| 3 Processes that cause emergence of viral diseases |
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Definition
1) Mutation of existing viruses. RNa viruses have high mutation rated due to the lack of proofreading in RNA replication. Causes the flue outbreak every year.
2) Dissemination of viral disease in small isolated human populations. Ex: AIDS
3)Spread of viruses from animals to humans. 3/4 of new diseases emerge this way. Ex: swine flu, bird influenza |
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Term
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Definition
| infects range of animals and caused 3 epidemics in humans including the "Spanish flu" that killed 40 million ppl |
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Term
| 2 ways of spreading plant viral infections |
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Definition
1) horizontal transmission: plant infected from external source of virus
2) Vertical transmission: inherited from parent. Asexual and sexual |
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Term
| T or F. There are cures for most viral plant diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circular RNA molecules that infect plants. REplicate in host plant cells using host cell enzymes and cause errors in the growth system causing stunted growth and abnormal development |
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Term
| Prions, transmission, theory of how they work, and strengths of prions |
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Definition
| infectious proteins that cause degenerative brain diseases including Mad Cow disease. Mostly transmitted through food (meat). Believed to be a misfolded protein that then converts normal proteins into misfolded proteins, creating chains of prions. Have an incubation period of at least 10 years, are virtually indestructible. |
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Term
| T or F. Protists are eukaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vacuole found in protists that pumps excess water from the cell |
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Term
| How do protists get nutrients? |
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Definition
| Heterotrophically, autotrophically, and mixotrophically |
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Term
| 5 supergroups of Protists |
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Definition
1) Excavata
2) Chromalveolata
3) Rhizaria
4) Archaeplastida
5) Unikonta |
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Term
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Definition
| Protist supergroup composed of protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella. Clades: Diplomonads, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| Protist supergroup that may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis. Clades: Alveolates (Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and Ciliates) and Stramenophiles (Oomycota, Diatoms, Brown Algae, and Golden Algae) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protist supergroup defined by DNA similarities. Clades: Forams (Cercozoans) and Radiolarians. AMOEBAS |
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Term
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Definition
| Protist supergroup. consists of Red algae and green algae. closest relatives of land plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Protist supergroup that includes prtists that are related to fungi and animals. Clades: Ameobozoans (Entamoebas, Slime Molds, and Gymnamoebas) and Opisthokonts |
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Term
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Definition
- Excavata
- Has modified mitochondria called mitosomes that lack ETC and used anaerobic processes.
- Parasite
- Example: Giardia lamblia, inhabits intestines of animals |
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Term
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Definition
- Excavata
- Reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically releasing hydrogen gas
- Trichomonas Vaginalis: STD |
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Term
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Definition
- Excavata
- has spiral/crystalline rod of unknown fuction inside of flagella
- Consists of Kinetoplastids and Euglena |
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Term
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Definition
- Euglenozoan, Excavata
- spiral/crystalline rod inside of flagella
- 1 mitochondria and a Kinetoplast ( organized mass of DNA)
- has "bait and switch" defense where the surface prteins change with each generation
- Typanosoma: causes sleeping sickness |
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Term
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Definition
- Euglenozoan, Excavata
- spiral/crystalline rod inside of flagella
- has a pocket at the end with 2 flagella
- mixotrophs
- Euglena (example) |
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Term
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Definition
- chromalveolata
- has a membrane bound sac (alveoli) under plasma membrane
- consists of dinoflagellates, amicomplexans, and ciliates |
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Term
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Definition
- Alveolates, Chromalveolata
- alveoli
- reinforced by cellulose plates
- causes red tide |
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Term
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Definition
- Alveolates, Chromalveolata
- alveoli
- parasites of animals. has a complex of organelles designed to penetrate the host
- Example: Plasmodium, causes malaria, changes its surface proteins to avoid detection, requires 2 hosts b/c it has sexual and asexual stages |
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Term
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Definition
- Alveolates, Chromalveolata
- alveoli
- has Cilia and 2 nuclei (micronuclei and macronuclei)
- reproduces thorugh conjugation and binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
- part of Chromalveolata
- marine algae with flagellum (1 hairy and longer, 1 smooth and shorter)
- consists of Oomycota, Diatoms, Brown Algae, and Golden Algae |
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Term
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Definition
- Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata
- marine algae with hairy and smooth flagellum
- has glass-like wall of silica for protection
- VERY pressure resistant
- causes biological carbon pump
- mostly asexual |
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Term
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Definition
- Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata
- marine algae with hairy and smooth flagellum
- largest and most complex algae (seaweeds)
- are thalluses (algae that is plant like)
- consist of a holdfast, stipe, and blade
- Example: Laminaria, eaten in soups and undergoes Alternation of Generations |
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Term
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Definition
- Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata
- marine algae with hairy and smooth flagellum
- used to be classified as fungi
- cell walls of cellulose
- Example: Phytophthora infestans, causes potato late blight which turns the stalk and stem of potato plants to black slime |
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Term
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Definition
- Cercozoans and Radiolarians, Rhizaria
- have threadlike pseudopodia |
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Term
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Definition
- Unikonta
- have either lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
- Consists of Entamoebas, slime molds, and gymnamoebas |
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Term
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Definition
- Amoebozoans, Unikonta
- has lobe/tube shaped pseudopodia
- Parasites that infect all vertibrates and some invertebrates
- Example: E. histolytica, caues amebic dysentery |
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Term
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Definition
- Amoebozoans, Unikonta
- has lobe/tube shaped pseudopodia
- consist of plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds. |
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Term
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Definition
- Archaeplastida
- has phycoerythin, a red pigment that absorbs blue and green light, allowing them to grow at deep depths |
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Term
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Definition
- Archaeplastida
- closely related to land plants.
- consists of chlorophyta and charophyceans
- has plant like chloroplasts |
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