Term
| What are the function of Hormones? |
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Definition
Regulate:
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction
Behavior |
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Term
| What are target cells or tissue? |
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Definition
| The specific tissue acted on by a hormone |
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Term
| How are hormone levels regulated? |
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Definition
| Hormones are regulated by other hormones. |
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Term
| What are the other hormone producing tissues? |
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Definition
Stomach- secretes hormone that stimulates digestion.
Kidney
Heart- produces hormone that affects blood pressure and sodium levels
-placenta- produces human growth hormone |
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Term
| How are some hormones used for treatment? |
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Definition
Hormonal therapy of cancer
Aging
Hormone replacement therapy (menopause) connected to menopause.
Testosterone replacement in males with low levels due to disease or aging
Thyroid hormone replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst,fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
2 parts- anterior and posterior
Master gland- it releases hormones that control other glands.
Hormones: Growth hormone (GH) growth or repair.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulate thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Tropin/tropic means stimulating
-stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland.
Prolactin (PRL)
-stimulates the production of milk in women.
Gonadotropins:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates the development of eggs and sperm.
-Lueteinizing hormone (LH)
Causes ovulation in females
in males it causes the release of testosterone.
Posterior Pituitary hormones:
Antidiurectic hormone (ADH)
promotes re-absorption of water.
Decreases urine output.
Oxytocin:
Causes contraction of the uterus during childbirth
causes ejection of milk from the breast. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in the Diencephalon
- produces melatonin
-mainly produced during the dark time of the day.
influences your sleep\wake cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
- Largest of the endocrine glands
- located in the neck
- Thyroid hormones:
Thyroxine (T4) and trilodothyronine (t5)
-Major metabolic hormones
- Increase protein and glucose metabolism.
Calcitonin:
-stimulates the increase of calcium storage in the bone.
-Decreases levels of calcium in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Small glands, embedded in back side of thyroid gland.
Secrets Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Has the opposite effect as calcitonin
Promotes release of calcium from bone
increases amount circulating in blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Located under sternum above the heart (mediastinem Membrane)
-important for immune system development
-releases thymosin |
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Term
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Definition
| produce hormone stimulates red blood cell production. |
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Term
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Definition
Small, pyramid-shaped glands that sit above each kidney
made up of 2 parts that are both different in structure and function
inner area- medulla
outer area- cortex
Medulla-
has nervous system control
released in response to sympathetic nervous system
main hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline)
Also norepinephrine is also released
Both are called the fight or flight hormones because of their effect during emergency situations. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the pancreas is made up of small groups of specialized cells that produce hormones
the groups of cells are called islets of langerhans |
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Term
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Definition
Male hormones promote the development of sexual characteristics.
Maturity of sexual organs
Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
Secretes testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
female hormones promote the development of sexual characteristics.
Maturity of sexual organs
Secretes estrogen
Progesterone
Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Caused by hypersecretion of thyroxine Goiter
Bulging eyes
Very nervous
Abnormal fast metabolism |
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Term
| Creatinism (children) and Myxedema (adults) |
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Definition
- Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
- in children causes lack of physical and mental development
- in adult causes sluggish mental and physical capabilities
- overweight and cold |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by hypofunction of cortex
Characterized by miscle atrophy, weakness, and salt and water imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by hypersecretion of cortex
Trunk obesity, think skin easily bruised, weakness,bone loss, buffalo hump |
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Term
| 2 hormones produced by pancreas islets are: |
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Definition
Insulin- Aids in transport of glucose from outside cells to inside cells where it can be used for energy.
Glucagon
Causes liver to release stored glucose from cells into the bloodstream.
it increases blood sugar levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Caused when insulin is not produce or is not effective
Type I- insulin-dependent diabetes
-less common, but more severe
-Autoimmune disorder in which the cells that produce insulin are attacked by the immune system.
Type II
non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Commonly occurs in overweight adults
Most still produce insulin but the body does not respond as it should
Can be controlled by medication, diet, exercise, and weight loss. |
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Term
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Definition
Transportation
Regulation- Buffers in the blood regulate the pH of the fluid, keeping it about 7.4. Also regulated the amount of fluid in the tissues by controlling osmotic pressure. Also regulates body temperature
Protection- Protects against infection.
- Carries immune system cells and antibodies.
- Coagulants makes scabs. |
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Term
| What is the composition of blood? |
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Definition
Liquid portion- plasma
Formed elements- cells and fragments
Erythrocytes-red blood cells
Transport oxygen
leukocytes- white blood cells
- fight infect
Platelets- thrombocytes
-cell fragments that play role in blood clotting. |
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Term
| Platelets function to stop______? |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of WBCs and their functions. |
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Definition
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils- Phagocytosis
Eosinophils- Allergic reactions, defense against parasites
Basophils- allergic reactions, inflammatory reactions.
Agranulocytes:
Lyphocytes- Immunity (T cells and B cells)
Monocytes- Phagocytosis |
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Term
| Function and composition of RBCs |
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Definition
Oxygenates organs, carries nutrients,
Hemoglobin- a protein that contains iron.
erythropoietin or (EPO) hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs. |
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Term
| Where are formed elements of blood formed? |
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Definition
| They are produced in red bone marrow which is located in the ends of long bones and in the inner mass of all other bones. |
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Term
| What is Hemostasis and how is it accomplished. |
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Definition
Is the process that prevents blood loss from the circulation when blood vessel is ruptured by and injury.
1. Contraction: of the smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall.
2. Formation: of a platelet plug. Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug.
3. Formation: of a blood clot (Coagulation) |
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Term
| How are blood types determined? |
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Definition
Type refers to the type of antigen present on the red cells.
1. If only the A antigen is present the person is A.
2. If only the B antigen is present the person is a B type.
3. If both A and B antigens are present then AB type.
4. If neither A nor B antigens are present then person is type O. |
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Term
| What are blood and its components used for? |
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Definition
| Plasma- used to replace blood volume and prevent circulatory failure. |
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Term
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Definition
important for maintaining osmotic pressure of the blood
clotting factors- necessary for blood coagulation
Antibodies- fight infection |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that aid antibodies in fighting infection |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes- choloride, carbonate, sodium, potassium and calcium
Vitamins, hormones, waste products and drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
Tiny disk-shaped cells that are concave in the middle
they don't have a nucleus
the are anaerobic function using lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| process when wbc squeezes out the blood cells into other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of cell fragments
smallest of formed elements
cause coagulation
when they are exposed to anything other than the lining of blood vessles they stick together and form clots. |
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Term
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Definition
process prevents loss of blood.
Constricts blood vessel
forms a platelet plug
thrombin converts fibrinogen to solid threads of fibrin and they form a sticky clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that remains after blood is clotted |
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Term
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Definition
| iron is an essential part of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by deficiency of vit b 12 |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive production of wbcs due to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cancer of the lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation |
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Definition
| excessive clotting due to tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the percentage of packed red cells in whole blood sample |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
endocardium-thin inner membrane
myocardium- thick muscular layer
Epicardium- thin outer layer (visceral membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps blood low in o2 to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit |
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Term
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Definition
smaller receiving chambers
right receives deoxygenated blood from body and left receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
larger muscular pumping
right pumps to the lungs
left to the body |
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Term
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Definition
held in place by special muscles and tendons called:
papillary muscles that are attached to chordea tendinae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pulmonary semilunar valve- entrance to pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve- at entrance to aorta. |
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Term
| How is blood supplied and drained from the myocardium? |
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Definition
coronary arteries
first branches off the aorta
goes to capillaries in heart muscle
- cardiac veins
collects blood from capillaries in heart muscle
-coronary sinus
Collects venous blood from heart and empties into the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
relaxation phase
blood from veins fill the atria |
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Term
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Definition
contraction phase
heart muscle contracts sending blood
first from the atria to the ventricles and then from the ventricles to pulmonary arteries and aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| volume pumped by each ventricle per minute |
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Term
| How do you find the cardiac output |
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Definition
Stroke volume- amount pumped per beat
heart rate- number of beats per minute
CO= stroke vol * HR ave sv 70mls per beat and hr 70 |
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Term
| Sinoatrial node(conduction system) |
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Definition
pacemaker
at top of right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Between atria and ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
also called bundle of his
top of interventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
| Right and left, run down the septum |
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Term
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Definition
| branches that travel through myocardium of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sa node generates elect impulse
2. travels through muscle of atria
3. AV node is stimulated
4.Impulse travels through av bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers
5. ventricles contract |
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Term
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Definition
Lubb dubb
lubb when av valvels close
dubb when semilunar valves close |
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Term
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Definition
| any abnormal heart sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the lining of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the heart muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
caused by attack of rhuematic fever in childhood
mitral stenosis valve cusps do not open
mitral regurgitation valve cusps do not close |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the walls of the blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| thickening and hardening of arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of blood to are fed by blocked arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| closure of coronary arteries due to clot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pain caused by lack of blood to heart muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
arteries-carry blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood towards heart
venules- small veins
capillaries- smallest vessels
connect aterioles and venules |
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Term
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Definition
artery wall
inner layer- endothelium
single layer of flat epithelial cells
middle layer
layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
outer layer
layer of supporting connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart |
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Term
| ventricular septal defect |
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Definition
| a common congenital heart defect; an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the ventricles allows blood to pass directly from the left to the right ventricle; large openings may cause congestive heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta; normally closes at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| is an abnormality of the heart rhythm, resulting in a rapid and sometimes irregular heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| In matters of the heart (cardiology), fibrillation is incoordinate twitching of the heart muscle fibers. |
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Term
| extrasytole (PVC) pre-ventricular contraction |
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Definition
| Ectopic heartbeats are small variations in an otherwise normal heartbeat that causes an irregular pulse. They may occur without an obvious cause and are usually harmless. |
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Term
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Definition
| a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study to structure and motions of the heart |
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Term
| How do artery walls and vein walls differ? |
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Definition
| Artery walls are thicker because the have to accommodate for a beating heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| a ring of arteries at the base of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| is formed by the ulnar artery, and is usually completed by a branch from the a. volaris indicis radialis, but sometimes by the superficial volar or by a branch from the a. princeps pollicis of the radial artery. The arch passes across the palm, describing a curve, with its convexity downward. |
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Term
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Definition
| are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.[1] They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, |
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Term
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Definition
| is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. |
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Term
| What is the hepatic portal system? |
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Definition
| is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. |
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Term
| What are the forces involved in capillary exchange with tissues? |
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Definition
Picks up oxygen and drops it off
primarily uses diffusion
secondarily uses blood pressure (out)
Osmotic pressure is used to move fluid back into the vessel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate output of blood from heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| swelling and loss of function in superficial veins, usually legs and rectum. |
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Term
| functions of lymphatic system |
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Definition
Drain tissue fluid and proteins
returns excess fluid to blood |
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Term
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Definition
superficial set
just below skin, near superficial veins
Deep set
usually larger and located near deep veins
named for location within body (femoral lymphatic vessel) |
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Term
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Definition
| drains upper right part of body and empties into right subclavian |
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Term
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Definition
| drains in the left subclavian. |
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Term
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Definition
filter lymph
CONTAIN T LYMPHOCYTES are phagocytic |
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Term
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Definition
| filter tissue fluid rather than lymph |
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Term
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Definition
causes t lymphocytes mature
secretes thymosin |
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Term
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Definition
filters blood
destroys old rbcs |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of lymph nodes that occurs during infection |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of lymph nodes caused by infectious agent or cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chronic malignancy with enlarged lumph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| more common in older adults |
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Term
| What is nonspecific defense? |
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Definition
Defense mechanisms that are effective against any harmful agent that enters the body.
skin
mucous membranes
Body secretions- tears, saliva, digestive juices.
reflexes- coughing and sneezing
phogocytosis- neutrophilis and macrophages
Natural killer cells
kills abnormal cells by destroying their membrane
inflammation
fever
increses metabolism
interferon
produced by cell infected by a vireus |
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Term
| What is specific defenses? |
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Definition
defense mechanisms that act only on specific agent.
B cells
make immunoglobulin
(when we get the flu)
Inborn immunity
types:
species
population
individual
Acquired immunity (after birth)
Antigen- causes the immune system to respond.
Antibodies
produced in response to foreign antigen.
-T-cells
They are cytotoxic cells and destroy foreign cells.
Macrophages
phagocytic white blood cells derived from monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
any kind of disease causing organism
tissue preference
portal of entry
virulence
-invasive power
-production toxins (strep) |
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Term
| Give examples of naturally acquired immunity and artificially acquired immunity. |
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Definition
Natural contact with a specific disease organism
passive
passage of antibodies from a mother to fetus through mother's breast milk
artifically acquired
active- through vaccination or immunization
Attenuated vaccine- a weakened version of the infectious organism is used.
recombinate DNA vaccine genese for a disease antigen are inserted into a harmless organism.
booster shots- repeated inoculations are given to maintain high level of antibodies. |
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Term
| What is phagocytosis and what cells are active in phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| * process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal reactivity to ones own tissues
MS, juvenile diabities |
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Term
| immune deficiency disease |
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Definition
failure of some part of the immune systems
AIDS
kills the t cells especially the helpers. |
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