Term
| What are the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
Central nervous systems( Brain and spinal cord)and Peripheral Nervous System [1.sensory division with cranial nerves and spinal nerves sends signals to CNS
2. Motor division- the nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (their impulses activate muscles or glands) |
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Definition
| Any tissue or organ that carries out a nervous system command |
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Definition
| Is controlled by skeletal muscles (voluntary) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used/ activated during emergency situations (energy using) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for general and non-emergency functions (energy building) |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS it includes all the cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
Cells found in the nervous system, but do not conduct impulses. Several different kinds
Functions:
Holding neurons in place (glia-glue)
Repairing injured cells
Removing Pathogens (macrophages)
Insulating neurons by forming a myelin sheath |
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Term
| Dendrites (Parts of a Neuron) |
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Definition
Smaller and highly branched
conduct the impulses towards the cell body |
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Term
| Cell Body (Parts of a neuron) |
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Definition
| the larger, globular portion that contains nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
longer and not usually branched.
They conduct impulses away from the cell body. |
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Term
| Nucleus (Parts of a Neuron) |
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Definition
| The control center of the cell |
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Term
| Myelin (Parts of a Neuron) |
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Definition
| Covers and protects some axons and insures that the nervous system functions properly. |
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Term
| Myelin Sheath (Parts of a Neuron) |
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Definition
Some neurons have their axons covered with a fatty material called myelin.
It insulates and protects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the PNS, they form the myelin sheath by wrapping around the axon many times (pg 182) |
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Term
| What is the difference between white matter and gray matter? |
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Definition
White matter- areas of the brain or spinal cord that have lots of myelinated fibers (matter)
Gray matter- areas of the brain or spinal cord that do not have fibers that are myelinated (no matter)
contains mainly cell bodies and unmyelinated fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to the effector organs (muscles and glands) |
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Term
| Central or association (Type of Neuron) |
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Definition
| a neuron that conveys impulses from one neuron to another |
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Term
| What ions are involved in an nerve impulse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is an action potential different on a myelinated axon compared to an unmyelinated nerve fiber? |
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Definition
Myelin allows an increase of speed in impulses along the myelinated fiber. Myelin also prevents the electrical impulse from leaving the axon.
unmyelinated: impulses move continuously in waves. Conduction is not as fast.
myelinated: impulses kinda jump. Conduction is faster. Depends on saltatory conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle |
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Term
| What are the different Neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine |
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Term
| What are the steps of Reflex arc? |
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Definition
1. receptor- detects stimulus
2. sensory neuron- takes message from receptor to CNS
3. interneuron- travels within CNS
4. Motor neuron- takes message from CNS to effector
5. effector- muscle or gland that reponds to situation |
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Term
| Why does the body have reflexes? |
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Definition
| To protect the body and to keep the body balanced. |
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Term
| Why is a Lumbar puncture used? |
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Definition
| Is used to remove a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing to see if there is any disease or injury present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a disease in which the myelin sheath around taxons is damaged and the neuron fibers themselves degenerate. Causes disruptions in nerve communication. Common in young adults, affects women more than men and has qualities of an autoimmune disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors that affect the spinal cord usually occur on nerve sheaths, meninges or neuroglia. These tumors an cause pain, numbness, weakness, and loss of function. |
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Term
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Definition
Mono(plegia)-Paralysis of one limb
Di*- both upper limbs or lower limbs
Para*- both LOWER limbs
Hemi*- On one side of the body
Tetra* or Quad*- Paralysis of all four limbs (* = the word Plegia (meaning paralysis)) |
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Term
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Definition
| Is a nervous system disorder in which the motor neurons are destroyed which causes muscle atrophy and loss of muscle control until the affected person is unable to swallow or talk. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the 2 subdivisions in the Motor division? |
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Definition
1. Somatic Nervous System
a. CNS to skeletal muscles
b. Voluntary Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
a. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
b. Involuntary nervous system |
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Term
| What are the ANS subdivisions? |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic division-
used/ activated during emergency situations (energy using)
2. Parasympathetic division- used for general and non-emergency functions (energy building) |
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Term
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Definition
NERVE CELL
Highly specialized cells that conduct messages
They live a long time
They are amitotic (means without mitosis)
Have a high metabolic rate
Very complex structure and can vary |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more skinny projections sometimes very long |
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Term
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Definition
| Relay information within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral disease of the nervous system that occurs most commonly in children. It is spread by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing the polio virus. This leads to muscle paralysis including breathing muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest part of the brain. It is divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres by a deep groove called the longitudinal fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is located immediately below the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres and is connected with the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by means of the pons. "little brain" |
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Term
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Definition
| The area between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the meninges. |
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Definition
Dura mater- is the outer most layer and thickest and toughest
Dural sinuses- is for draining the blood that comes from the brain tissue
Arachnoid- middle layer, web-like
Pia mater- the innermost layer attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the 4 layers of connective tissue that surround both the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure. Can be viral or bacterial. |
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding on top of the dura mater |
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding under the dura mater |
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Term
| What is the function of CSF and where is CSF found? |
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Definition
| Located in the brain and spinal cord. Uses to send nutrients throughout the nervous system. Used for detoxification of the nervous system. Protects the brain and the spinal cord from force related injuries. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA "water on the brain," is a medical condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain. This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, convulsion, and mental disability. Hydrocephalus can also cause death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Computed tomography scan photographs of the bone, soft tissue, and cavities of brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging, gives more views of the brain than CT and may reveal tumors, scar tissue, and hemorrhaging not shown by CT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positron emission tomography- which visualizes the brain in action. |
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Term
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Definition
| electroencephalograph- pick up the electrical signals produced as the brain functions. |
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Term
| CVA (Cerebral Vascular Accident) |
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Definition
| Stroke- blood clot lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Paralysis or weakness of one side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| s a disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. |
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes thought of as a group of disorders that can involve brain and nervous system functions such as movement, learning, hearing, seeing, and thinking.
Symptoms of spastic cerebral palsy, the most common type, include:
* Muscles that are very tight and do not stretch. They may tighten up even more over time.
* Abnormal walk (gait): arms tucked in toward the sides, knees crossed or touching, legs make "scissors" movements, walk on the toes
* Joints are tight and do not open up all the way (called joint contracture)
* Muscle weakness or loss of movement in a group of muscles (paralysis)
* The symptoms may affect one arm or leg, one side of the body, both legs, or both arms and legs
before birth or during birth caused by deprivation of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
is a brain disorder involving repeated, spontaneous seizures
of any type |
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Term
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Definition
is an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be cancerous
(malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). |
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Term
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Definition
| Encephalitis is an acute infection and inflammation of the brain itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Areas particularly affected include memory, attention, judgement, language and problem solving; madness or insanity |
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Term
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Definition
| A degenerative disease of the brain characterised by a progressive loss of mobility, muscular rigidity, tremor, and speech difficulties, mainly seen in people over 50. Parkinson's disease destroys a group of cells in the brain stem that produce dopamine, essential to control of voluntary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis of the facial nerve resulting in the permanent or temporary immobilization of the eye on either side of the face . Usually caused by injury or infection |
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Term
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Definition
| is pain in one or more nerves that occurs without stimulation of pain receptor (nociceptor) cells. Neuralgia pain is produced by a change in neurological structure or function rather than by the excitation of pain receptors that causes nociceptive pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), is a chronic pain condition that causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain that lasts anywhere from a few seconds to as long as 2 minutes per episode. The intensity of pain can be physically and mentally incapacitating. TN pain is typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek. Episodes can last for days, weeks, or months at a time and then disappear for months or years. |
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Term
| What are some effects of aging on the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Detects stimuli usually pain. |
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Term
| What are the general senses and what are the special senses? |
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Definition
Special senses are complex-
vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell.
General sense- involve receptor structures in our skin, muscles or organs.
pressure, heat, cold, pain, and touch |
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Term
| What are the parts and function of the eye? |
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Definition
Eye lids- protect the eye
Eye lashes and Eyebrows- protect eye
conjunctiva- membrane that line the eyelid
lacrimal apparatus- the lacrimal gland and several ducts keep the front of the eye moist and clean. |
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Term
| What is refraction and what parts of the eye do refraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the retina? |
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Definition
| he innermost coat of the posterior part of the eyeball that receives the image produced by the lens, is continuous with the optic nerve, and consists of several layers, one of which contains the rods and cones that are sensitive to light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of the eyes turning inward or towards each other |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment, especially of the eye for seeing objects at various distances |
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Term
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Definition
| the reflex adaptation of the eye to dim light, consisting of a dilatation of the pupil and an increase in the number of functioning rods accompanied by a decrease in the number of functioning cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute |
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Term
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Definition
| Simply carries blood vessels and nerves from the retina into the appropriate areas of the brain, there are actually no receptors here for vision. This is why we have a blind spot and this is on and the same as the optic disc. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects |
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Term
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Definition
| eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defect of a lens such that light rays coming from a point do not meet at a focal point so that the image is blurred; A disorder of the vision, usually due to a misshapen cornea, such that light does not focus correctly on the retina causing a blurred image |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal alignment of one or both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye . |
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Term
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Definition
| an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness); "contrary to popular belief, glaucoma is not always caused by elevated intraocular pressure" |
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Term
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Definition
| visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness. |
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Term
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Definition
Outer Ear: The outer ear or external ear is a visible portion of the ear, which serves as a protective organ for the eardrum. It collects and guides the sound waves into the middle ear. The outer ear consists of the following two parts:
* Ear Flap (Pinna) - The sound waves enter the ear via the ear flap.
* Ear Canal (Meatus) - The ear canal is about 2 cm in length. It amplifies the sound waves and channelizes them to the middle ear. Sweat glands are present in this canal, which secretes earwax.
Middle Ear: The middle ear, located between the outer ear and the inner ear, perceives the sound waves from the outer ear in the form of pressure waves. The middle ear is an air-filled cavity and consists of the following parts:
* Eardrum - The eardrum, also known as tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that acts as a partition between the outer ear and the middle ear. It vibrates as soon as it receives the sound waves and transforms the sound energy into the mechanical energy.
* Hammer (Malleus) - It is a tiny bone, located next to the eardrum. Since it lies adjacent to the eardrum, the vibrations from the eardrum cause the hammer to vibrate.
* Anvil (Incus) - Anvil is another tiny bone next to hammer; it vibrates in response to the vibration of hammer.
* Stirrup (Stapes) - Similar to hammer and anvil, stirrup is a tiny bone in the middle ear; eventually, it also vibrates and passes the compressional waves to the inner ear.
Inner Ear (Labyrinth): The inner ear, as the name suggests, is the innermost portion of the ear. It is filled with a water-like substance and comprises both hearing and balancing organs. The inner ear comprises the following parts:
* Cochlea - The cochlea or the spiral tube is a rolled structure that can stretch to about 3 cm; the membrane lining of cochlea consists of numerous nerve cells. The hair-like nerve cells respond differently to various frequencies of vibrations, which ultimately lead to generation of electrical impulses.
* Semicircular Canals - These are fluid-filled loops, attached to the cochlea and helps in maintaining the balance.
* Auditory Nerve - The electrical impulses, generated by the nerve cells, are then passed to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical incision into the eardrum (to relieve pressure or release pus from the middle ear) |
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Term
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Definition
| A myringotomy (incision in the eardrum or tympanic membrane) |
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Term
| conductive or sensorineural |
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Definition
| Sensorineural hearing loss is a type of hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial nerve VIII), the inner ear, or central processing centers of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear. It can result in hearing loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| or age-related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing. Also known as presbyacusis, it is defined as a progressive bilateral symmetrical age-related sensorineural hearing loss. The hearing loss is most marked at higher frequencies. |
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Term
| Taste- Parts, locations and function of parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Modalities of taste and what cranial nerve involved |
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Definition
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Term
| Smell- parts and function of parts and cranial nerve involved |
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Definition
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Term
| General senses- pressure, temperature, touch, sense of position |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain- function and why does the body have a sense of pain? |
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Definition
| To protect the body from harm. |
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Term
| Drugs used to decrease pain |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sensory adaptation? |
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Definition
| is the tendency of the human sense of smell to become less and less able to perceive a particular fragrance the longer it is exposed to it. When the sense of smell is "adapted" to a fragrance, it is no longer able to recognize it. Yet it recovers quickly from this fatigue. |
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