Term
| How did Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| They built upon the work of others |
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Term
| What did Friederich Miescher do? |
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Definition
| He created DNA, called it nuclein, and he thought it resided in chromosomes. |
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Term
| What experiment did Frank Griffith do? |
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Definition
He injected mice with two strains of pneumonia bacteria.
He deisocvered that there needs to be somethign in the
S-Strain to make it pathogenic. |
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Term
| Who continued Griffith's work and why/how? |
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Definition
Oswald Avery continued Griffith's work because he wanted to know what "agent" transformed the harmless strain into one that caused pneumonia.
He used rats, like Griffith. |
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Term
| What did Joachim Hammerling do/discover? |
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Definition
He worked with uni-cellular algae (cap,stalk, and foot(nucleous))
He discovered that when you cut off a cap, it regenerated the lost cap. If you cut off the foot, or nucleous, that it couldn't grow back.
This meant that DNA in bacteria was in the foot of the bacteria. |
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Term
| What was the Hersehy-Chase experiment? What were they trying to figure out? |
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Definition
They wanted to test if DNA or protein was the genetic material so they used bacteriophage in the test. They injected pages with radiactive material (easier to detect).
They discovered that DNA is the genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| They inect genetic instructions into cells to reproduce themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What did Rosalind Franklin do? |
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Definition
She passed x-ray thru a crystal of DNA and indicated that DNA has a helical structure (Double Helix).
-Pic was saw by Watson & Crick and didn't give her credit. |
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Term
| What did Watson and Crick do? |
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Definition
| They made the model of DNA and discovered that it had a double helix sturcuture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semiconservative: New and old strand stay together. |
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Term
| What did Meselson and Stahl do & How did they do it? |
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Definition
| They wanted to know how DNA is replicated (conservative, dispersive, semiconservative) so they did tests using bacteria cells and found out that DNA is semiconservative meaning that new and old DNA strands stay together. |
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Term
| What does DNA polymerase need to begin replicating? |
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Definition
| A primer which is a short sequence of RNA created by primase. |
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Term
Because of the antiparallel nature of DNA, one strand is...
and one strand is... |
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Definition
-Synthesized continuously (leading strand)
-made in short stands called Okazaki fragments (lagging strand) |
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Term
| How does DNA polymerase know the order for the nucleotides? |
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Definition
| Because of Chargaff's rule: A=T and C=G |
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Term
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Definition
The process of reading and then copying the DNA into RNA
-The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of bases in RNA
-RNA polymerase and transcription factors involved. |
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Term
| How is transcription started? |
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Definition
By a promoter: a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase and transcription facts bind (TATTA box)
-Transcription factors recognize sequence of a promoter and bind to it which allows RNA polymerase to bind. |
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Term
| What are the three types of RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
1. Pol 1:rRNA
2. Pol 2:mRNA
3. Pol 3:tRNA |
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Term
| What is the significance of transcription termination? |
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Definition
RNA polymerase comes to a sequence of DNA
-Terminator sequence is transcribed
-RNA polymerase falls off
-RNA peels away from DNA
-RNA then can be processed |
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Term
| What is the significance of RNA processing? |
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Definition
While in the nucleus, mRNA is modified/rpocessed
-Poly A tail is added to the 3' end
-Poly A tain=50-250 adenines added transcriptionally
-inhibits RNA degradation
-Not all messages get one. |
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Term
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Definition
-Before mRNA leaves nucleus, introns are removed and exons are spliced together.
-Some genes are split (have introns and exons)
-Introns=intervening sequences, between coding regions
-Exons=coding regions
-Not all eukaryotic genes have introns
-Which exons you spice together will give you different version of the fibronectin protein
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Term
| Where does translation occur? |
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Definition
| In the cytoplasm. Processed mRNA is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What is needed for translation? |
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Definition
-mRNA
-tRNA
-pool of amino acids
-ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
Opposite base to codon.
ex. if codon is AAA then tRNA anti-codon will be UUU. |
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Term
Which of the following is required for replication?
A. Ribosomes
B. Primase
C. RNA polymerase
D. tRNA |
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Definition
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Term
During replication of DNA...
A. both strands act as templates to build the new strand of DNA
B. RNA polymerase strings together DNA to form the new strand
C. Borh strands are synthesized continously
D. All of the above are true of replication |
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Definition
| A. Both strands act as templates to build the new strand of DNA |
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Term
| The function of an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is to link... |
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Definition
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Term
| An anticodon is part of___. A codon is part of____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many codons does it take to code for one amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA? |
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Definition
| It starts at a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter. |
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Term
| what causes the release of a completed protein during translation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process that directly results in the synthesis of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| A mRNA that is not capable of being translated most likely is lacking... |
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Definition
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