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| controlled manipulation of nature |
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| direct and repeatable observation. Theories based on accumulated facts. |
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| smallest and most basic unit of life |
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| genetic material that transfers info from parents to offspring. Blueprint for building an organism |
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| organisms build selves anew every generation |
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| all organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring |
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| group of organisms within a species that live and interact with one another |
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| features that are advantageous to survive/reproduce |
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| specialized, coordinated collections of cells that perform particular functions in the body such as muscles, nerves, organs |
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| Groups of organs work together |
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| groups of organ systems work together so individual can survive |
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| group of organisms of the same species and interacting in the same area |
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| populations of different species that live and interact with one another in a particular area |
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| communities along with their physical environments |
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| large regions of the world that are defined on land by the plants, and it water by the physical characteristics of the environment |
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| all biomes together making up the world's life |
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| plants that transform sun's energy into chemical energy (sugars) |
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| Eat producers or other organisms who ultimately derive energy from producers |
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| Derive sustenence from dead organisms or cast-off parts of living organisms |
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| smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element. Three atomic components |
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| positively charged, contains one or more protons. Electrons move in space around nucleus. |
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| number of protons in an atom's nucleus |
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sum of protons and neutrons
Written subscript of mass number then element symbol, i.e. ^12 C |
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| same element but with a different number of neutrons in nucleus |
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| isotopes that have an unstable nucleus that decays into a simpler form, giving off radiation in the process. |
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| attractive interaction that causes two atoms to associate |
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| atoms that become charged due to loss or gain of electrons |
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| chemical attraction between negatve and positive charged atoms |
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| exceptionally strong bond achieved through electron sharing |
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| contains atoms frm two or more different elements each in a precise ratio |
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| area in which electrons move. Each layer of electron movement is a seperate shell. |
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20x weaker than covalent
Common example - bonds in water |
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| when water forms hydrogen bonds with another type of molecule, causing that other molecule to dissolve |
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| combination of a solute and a solvent |
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| fluid into which a substance dissolves |
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| - molecules that are not charged; will not associate with polar molecules (i.e water, polar; and oil, nonpolar) |
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| breaking existing bonds, creating new bonds/substances |
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| polar compound that dissolves in water and loses one or more hydrogen ions. Tend to bond with water molecules, forming +charged hydronium ions (h2o+) |
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| polar compounds which accept ions from surroundings. Accept one H+, leave an OH- |
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| tells whether water is basic or acid, aka concentration of H+ in water |
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| maintain concentration of hydrogen ions within narrow limits by releasing hydrogen ions when the srroundings become to basic, accepting when srroundings become too acidic |
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| 4 major classes of molecules for organisms |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
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| contain at least one carbon-hydrogen bond |
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| when small organic molecules link up via covalent bonds to create larger assemblies of atoms (e.g. starch and protein) |
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| small molecules that serve as repeating units in a macromulecules (blocks of some macromolecules) |
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| macromolecules made up of certain monomers |
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| cluster of covalently bonded atoms that have the same specific chemical properties no matter what molecule they are found in. Properties of organic polymers depend on these within them for their properties. |
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| means of storing energy; compounds that make food sweet |
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| For each carbon there are 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen |
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| CHO in 1:2:1, with multiples of these 1:2:1's. Glucose - (C1H2O1)6 or (C6H12O1) |
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| two molecules of monosaccharides that have bonded |
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| multiple molecules of monosaccharides that have bonded |
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| polysaccharide bundled into strong parallel fibers which help support plant body |
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| monomers in all organisms which are the building blocks of DNA |
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| Three components of nucleotides |
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Definition
nitrogenous base, covalently bonded to a
five-carbon sugar, which is in turn bonded to a
phosphate group - phosphate atom and 4 oxygen atoms |
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Definition
| phosphate atom and 4 oxygen atoms |
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Definition
| components are comprised of five different nucleotides |
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| a very universal nucleotide that serves as an energy carrier |
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| monomers that build protiens |
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| 20 different; each unique to one amino acid (vary in size, acidic/baic, whether are hydrophilic or -phobic) |
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Definition
| Linear chains of amino acids are linked covalently |
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Definition
| amino group of one amino acid bonds to carboxyl group of another |
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Definition
| sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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Definition
| regional folding of amino acid chain into specific patterns |
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| spiral pattern which the spirals are created/maintained by hydrogen bonds |
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| polypeptide backbone bent into ridges and valleys, like a fan |
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| overall 3d shape of long-distance interactions between different segments of the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| some proteins need this - seperate polypeptides which have already reached primary, secondary, and tertiary organize in a precise 3d shape |
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| hydrophobic molecules made by living cells and are build from chains and rings of hydrocarbons |
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Definition
| long hydrocarbon chain that is strongly hydrophobic |
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Definition
| each carbon is bonded to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms linked by single bonds |
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Definition
| linked with double bonds, so that a maximum number of hydrogens are NOT bonded |
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Definition
| contains one to three fatty acids covalently bonded into a three carbon molecule called glycerol. |
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Definition
| four hydrocarbon rings fused to each other; lipid |
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Definition
| component in animal cell membranes; strengthens membranes, helps maintain fluidity in temp changes. Livers contain all the cholesterol we need. |
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Definition
| signaling molecules active at very low levels, control a variety of processes |
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| Selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| controls which materials enter and exit |
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Definition
| move from area of abundance to area of scarcity without energy |
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Definition
| moving from high to low concentration |
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| moving from low to high concentration |
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| passive spreading until even distribution is reached |
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| enable ions of the right size and charge to move through plasma membrane as long as they are moving down a conentration gradient |
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Definition
| move substances from high to low concentration, and function like a door. Recognizes, binds, and transports a specific molecule. |
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| move molecules across plasma membrane with the aid of an energy rich molecule (e.g. ATP) |
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| High to low for sodium, low to high for potassium |
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| net diffusion of water across a membrane. Selectively permeable |
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Definition
| more/less watery than the cytosol of the cell, so more water flows into the cell. Unchecked may cause the cell to burst. |
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| solute concentration is the same in and out of cell. |
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| maintenences of an appropriate amount of salt and water inside a cell |
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Definition
| cells release substances into their surroundings by fusing membrane-enclosed vesicles with plamsa membrane. |
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| membrane encloses desired molecule, breaks free and enters cell |
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Definition
| endocytosis for intake of fluids |
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Definition
| specialized proteins that interact with specific substances from outside the cell |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| specialized receptor proteins embedded in the plasma membrane determine what substances will be selected for incorporation into vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
"cell eating", ingestion of entire bacterium or virus.
Occurs in specialized cells such as white blood cells |
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Definition
| Structures that anchor cells or hold them together or interconnect them |
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Definition
| viscous coating secreted by animal cells that helps anchor or bind them to neighbors |
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Definition
| protein hooks between cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. Allow materials to pass between cells while still holding them togheter |
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| held together so tightly that they block the migration of membrane protens. Leak-proof, prevent things from passing. |
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| direct cytoplasmatic connections between cells. Protein-lined tunnels span space seperating cells. Transmit messages extremely quickly electrically. Brain cells use this. |
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| plant cells are connected through tunnels similar to gap junction. |
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Definition
| release and transmission of these = basis of cellular communication |
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Definition
| recieves signaling molecule through use of receptor proteins |
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Definition
| long-range signaling molecules. Long lasting, slower acting than neurotransmitters |
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| lipid based outer boundary, studded with proteins that act as gatekeepers, encloses cell |
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| water-based fluid of ions and molecules mixed in water |
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| "small organs", part of the machinery of the cell |
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| organelles which are important in manufacturing proteins |
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| contains DNA in eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Generally free to drift within phospholipid layer - highly mobile layer |
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Definition
| DNA is not confined within a membrane-enclosed nucleus |
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Definition
| have a nucleus and an elaborate system of other membrane-enclosed compa]rtments |
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Definition
| network of tubes and sacs, transports within cell |
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| term for any closed structure within a cell or within the body |
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| manufacture various lipids destined for other cellular compartments |
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| ER with ribosomes attached; manufactured proteins destined for cellular compartments |
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Definition
| small membrane-enclosed sacs with functions ranging from storage to disassembly of macromolecules. |
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Definition
| move substances from one location to another within cytoplasm as well as to and from cell walls. Bud off from a membrane such as ER membrane. Carry things manufactured by ER membrane. |
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| directs proteins produced by ER to their destinations. Give things chemical "address tags" |
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| Filled with enzymes which degrade macromolecules |
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| perform similar functions in plants, as well as storing ions, sugar,s and compounds that might deter an animal from eating them |
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| source of energy to run the cell |
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Definition
| Inner membrane of mitochondria folds into this |
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Definition
| Mitochondria transform food into ATP, which is then used to power chemical reactions in cell. Requires oxygen as raw materials (derived from food). CO2 and H20 released as by-products. |
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| capture energy from sunlight and convert to chemical energy |
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Definition
| Trap light in form of ATP, use this to assemble sugar molecules from CO2 and H20. |
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Definition
| "stack" of membrane system enclosing chloroplasts |
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Definition
| each fold of a granum, which has light-absorbing pigments within it |
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| network of protein filaments and tubules which supports teh plasma membrane, organelles, creates tracks for transport. More flexible than an animal skeleton. |
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| rigid, hollow cylinders of proteins that help position organelles, move trasnport, generate propulsive force |
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Definition
| helical polymer which comrpises a microtubule. |
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Definition
| attach to vesicle and associate with microtubules to help with travel |
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Definition
| ropelike cables of protein as mechanical reinforcement for the cell |
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Definition
| thinnest and most flexible - strands of protein called actin; involved in creating cell shape, generating some cells' crawling movements |
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Definition
| protein that comprimses microtubules |
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Definition
| cell creeps along a surface by contracting then expanding. Allow some cells to find food, mating partners |
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Definition
| Hairlike projections which can move back and forth like oars for propulsion/movement |
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Definition
| whiplike structures which a cell can use to propel itself through a liquid |
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Definition
| lashed in a whiplike pattern |
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Definition
| lack a membrane covering, spin in a rotary motion like propellers. Thought to be evolved seperately from Eukaryotic flagella. |
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Definition
| break down large molecules, release energy |
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Definition
| build up large molecules from smaller components/consume energy |
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Definition
| chemical reactions that occur within cells. |
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| Cell spends most time here; prepares for cell division. |
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Definition
| - chromosomes are seperated into two identical sets for division. |
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Definition
| Divides nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles, ect. into two seperate cells. |
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Definition
| in DNA, A goes with T, and G goes with C. |
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Definition
| Chromosome pair that is no the sex chromosomes X or Y |
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Definition
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| shows the number and appearance of an individual's chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Unit of heredity. Sequence of nucleotides in a chromosome. |
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Definition
| Different variations of a gene. |
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Definition
| Having two of the same/two different allele |
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Definition
| Molecular makeup of a gene |
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Definition
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Definition
| Gene will express itself regardless of whether its corresponding allele matches |
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Definition
| Gene will express itself only if corresponding allele is the same |
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