Term
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Definition
Eu bacteria
No nucleus
1 Chromosome molecule
Archibacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Complex
Membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
Non-cellular
No membrane
Capsule-like structure
Need a cell to reproduce
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Term
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Definition
| Actually saw microscopic organisms for the first time |
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Term
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Definition
Discovered life only can create more life
Pasteurization |
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Term
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Definition
Found a particular bacteria responsible for a disease (cows/anthrax)
Koch's Postulates still used today to ascertain particular bacteria causing disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theorized that hand washing could control infection (prevent) |
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Term
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Definition
Antisepsus
Sprayed operating room with carbolic acid to sanitize
Due to Lister, American Civil War soldiers survived wounds than in any previous wars |
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Term
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Definition
Popularized vaccination
Famous for protocol against smallpox
Innoculated 8 year old boy to test smallpox vaccine (which was a dose of "cow" pox) |
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Term
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Definition
Epidemeology
Discovered the spread of infection via water (Chlorea case) |
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Term
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Definition
| The living together of two dissimilar organisms (humans & bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
Gain entry; colonize; avoid host defense; damage host; exit strategy; virulence factors
Leave host sick; move to next host |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adhesum/Capsule
Hyaluranidase (enzyme) - invades tissue
Leukocidin (enzyme) - kills white blood cells
Toxin
Plasmids transfer pathogenicity to other bacteria
Code for anti-antibiotics (drug-resistance genes/transfer easily) |
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Term
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Definition
| Harm to normal body functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not always entail noticeable symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal is to spread, multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes the opportunity to be a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sources of infectious disease |
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Definition
Animal reservoirs (zoonosis) [anthrax, rabies]
Human carriers (common cold, Tuberculosis)
Some are exclusively human
Non-living (soil, food, water)
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Term
| Modes of transmission of infectious disease |
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Definition
Contact (direct, indirect, droplet)
Vehicle (insect, food, water)
Vector (biological > blood-sucking insect [mechanical > passive carrier] |
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Term
| Classifications of infection |
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Definition
Acute (symptom-showing)
Chronic (long-lasting)
Sub-acute (infected, but not really sick;not long lasting)
Latent (infected unknowingly) |
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Term
| Classifications of types of transmission of infection |
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Definition
Communicable (transmittable, but not contagious)
Contagious (easily transmittable without direct contact)
Non-communicable (not person to person transmittable) |
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Term
| Two types of immunity in human immune system |
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Definition
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity |
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Term
(Innate immunity)
Macrophage |
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Definition
| Clean-up (after Neutrophils attack) |
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Term
(Innate immunity)
Neutrophil |
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Definition
| Attack infectious invasions first, before Macrophages arrive to finish the job |
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Term
(Innate immunity)
Inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Systemic increase in body temperature to inhibit bacteria growth |
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Term
(Innate immunity)
Pyrogens |
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Definition
Sent (during fever) to increase body temperature
Activates Macrophages and Neutrophils |
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Term
(Innate immunity)
Complement |
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Definition
| Group of proteins which pokes holes in bacteria (to "pop" it) |
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Term
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Definition
| An immune majority of people in a community makes infection less likely to occur in those not immune within that community |
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Term
| B & T cells/B & T lymphocytes |
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Definition
| Function as agents for acquired immunity |
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
Plasma Cell |
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Definition
B-lymphocyte
Antibodies that target pathogens
Binds to bacteria
Tags bacteria so Macrophages & Neutrophils can find it
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
Memory cells |
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Definition
B-lymphocyte
Convert to plasma cells, make antibodies immediately |
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
Humoural immunity |
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Definition
| B-cells are part of humoural immunity |
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
T-Lyphocyte |
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Definition
Comes into direct contact with pathogens
Wait in thymus for specific pathogen
Becomes specialized, mature |
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
T-helper cells |
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Definition
Help B-cells recognize pathogens
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
T-dependent antogen |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV-AIDS target which type of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
(Acquired immunity)
Cytotoxic T-cells
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Definition
Main defense against viruses Recognizes viruses (infection inside a cell) Releases protein (perforim) which attacks infected cell membranes Relatives of natural killer cells (which fights cancer cells)
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Term
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Definition
Yersinia pestis
Adhesin protein (attachment)/makes capsule
Type III secretion system (avoid host defense)
Kills white blood cells
Macrophages & Neutrophils commit suicide (aphotosis) |
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Term
(Types of Plague)
Bubonic
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Definition
Swollen lymph notes - "buboes"
Transmission: insect bites
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Term
(Types of Plague)
Pneumonic |
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Definition
Pneumonia
Transmission: inhalation |
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Term
(Types of Plague)
Septicemic |
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Definition
Bacteria in bloodstream (bacterimia)
Septemia: bacteria multiplying in bloodstream
Transmission: insect bite
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Term
| Enzootic infection (Black Death) |
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Definition
Endemic in animal reservoir (rats, mice, voles, prairie dogs, other rodents)
Vector: Indian rat flea/venopsylla cheopsis |
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Term
| Life cycle of Black Death's microorganisms |
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Definition
| flea>rat>flea>rat>rats die>fleas move to next host (humans) |
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Term
| Symptoms & pathology of Bubonic Plague |
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Definition
Bubo formation (armpit, groin, neck)
Hemorrhagic (bleeding, dark skin rash)-distance grows between cells
High fever (40 C/104 F)/body aches/toxifying self
Mental confusion; delirium
Multiple organ system failure
Death (3-7 days); Mortality rate: 50-75 % |
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Term
| Symptoms & pathology of Septicemic Plague |
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Definition
Bubo formation (armpit, groin, neck)
Hemorrhagic (bleeding, dark skin rash)-distance grows between cells
High fever (40 C/104 F)/body aches/toxifying self
Mental confusion; delirium
Multiple organ system failure
Death (3-7 days); Mortality rate 100 % |
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Term
| Symptoms & pathology of Pneumonic Plague |
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Definition
Bacteria multiplying in lungs
Hemorrhagic (bloody mucus; bloody, frothy cough)
Lung necrosis (tissue death)
High fever
Mental confusion; delirium
Multiple organ system failure
Convulsions in children
Death < 1 day; Mortality rate 100 %
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Term
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Definition
Plague of Justinian
Black Death
The Third Pandemic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| History: Plague of Justinian |
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Definition
Justinian I (Emporer 527-565 AD): Wanted to re-strengthen Roman Empire; Taxed people heavily to fund cause; People became poor; Less food
Also: Mini-nuclear winter - extended cold & wet climate
Cause (of weather): Comet; Volcano
Crop failure, famine: rats move to well-populated cities |
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Term
| Path of Plague of Justinian |
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Definition
| Delusium (port city) Egypt>Constantinople (modern Istanbul)>Asia Minor & Greece>Europe |
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Term
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Definition
Europe 1347-1351 AD
Spread: Merchant refugees fleeing siege of Kaffa>Constantinople>Italy>Spain>more Italy>Paris>Austria-Hungary>England>Germany>Sweden & Norway
Contributing factors were poor sanitation, close living conditions, over-population, unusually warm climate, growth of middle (merchantile) class
Justinian pattern ensued
Also lack of knowledge furthered spread of disease: belief in "miasma spread", "evil polluted fog"
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Term
(Black Death)
Historical treatment tactics |
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Definition
Lancing of bubos
Blood letting
Diet
Sanitation(bodies buried),
Witchcraft |
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Term
(Black Death)
Historical prevention tactics |
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Definition
Fires
Scented objects
No bathing
No exercising (open pores) |
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Term
| Consequences of The Black Death |
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Definition
Major depopulation
Economic recession
Labor shortage
Decrease in Feudalism (peasants gained more power)
Decrease of Church's power
Persecutions: Jews, gypsies, lepers |
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Term
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Definition
1349-1353 AD
Written by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375 AD)
Described the Black Death
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