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| Trait that is favored by natural selection and increases an individuals fitness in a particular environment |
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| Diversification of one or a few species into large and very diverse groups of descendant species |
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| Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations |
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| Geographic separation of a population of organisms from others of the same species. Usually in reference to speciation. |
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| A Chemical that kills or disables bacteria |
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| Region of tRNA that binds to a mRNA codon |
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| A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies. |
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| Selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants to increase the frequency of desirable traits |
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| Tendency for individuals to mate with someone who is like themselves |
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| Be able to make an RNA transcript of a DNA sequence. |
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| adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). A-T and C-G |
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| Be aware of the main misunderstandings of the theory of natural selection |
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| Variation + differential reproduction + heredity = natural selection |
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| Variety within and among living organisms |
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| Hunting for new organisms and new uses of old organisms |
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| cladistics: a system of biological taxonomy based on the quantitative analysis of comparative data and used to reconstruct cladograms... |
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| a group of organisms have common descent if they have a common ancestor. |
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| Directional Selection occurs when selection favors one extreme trait value over the other extreme. This typically results in a change in the mean value of the trait under selection. |
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| Disruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait... |
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| Field of biology that focuses on the interactions between orgnaisms and their environment |
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| Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells that took up residence inside ancestral eukaryotes |
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| Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles |
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| Changes in the features (traits) of individuals in a biological population that occur over the course of generations. |
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| Relative survival and reproduction of one variant compared to others in the same population |
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| Founder Hypothesis says that the diversity of unique species in isolated habitats results from ivergence from a single founding population |
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| A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted from a DNA sequnce is not a multiple of three |
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| Spread of an allele throughout a species' gene pool |
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| All of the alleles found in all of the individuals of a species |
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| Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids |
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| Change in allele frequency that occurs as a result of chance |
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| Broader biological category to which several similar species may belong |
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| A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered... |
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| The hypothesis that evoluionary change occurs in tiny increments over long periods of time |
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| amount of time required for one-half the amount of a radioactive element that is originally present to decay into the daughter product |
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| A collection of dried plants. |
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| The amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals |
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| Similarity in characteristics as a result of common ancestry |
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| How old is the earth and how many species exist? |
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| 4.54 billion years, 8.7million |
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| Offspring of two different strains of an agricultural crop |
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| Thin, stringy fungal maetrial that grows over and within a food source |
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| Know the order of Linnaean classifications ie from broad to narrow. |
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| Domain, kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| Miscroscopic organism, especially bacteria and Archaea |
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| Changes that occur in the characteristics of a population |
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| In genetics, a missense mutation (a type of nonsynonymous mutation) is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed,... |
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| Scientists who speialize in the study of fungi |
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| Process by which individuals with certain traits have greater survival and reproduction than individuals who lack these traits, resulting in an increase in the frequency of successful alleles and a decrease in the frequency of unsuccessful alleles and a decrease in the frequency of unsuccessful ones. |
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| (Of or relating to) AÊmutationÊresulting in a nonsense or stopÊcodonÊthat does not code for anÊamino acidÊand is not transcribed (as distinguished fromÊsense). |
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| Denoting aÊmicroorganismÊthat does not ordinarilyÊcauseÊdiseaseÊbut that, under certain circumstances (for example impairedÊimmune responsesÊresulting from other disease orÊdrugÊtreatment), becomesÊpathogenic. |
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| Evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| Circular piece of bacterial DNA that normally exists separate form the bacterial chromosome and can make copies of itself |
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| A chromosomal condition involving more than two sets of chromosomes |
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| Subgroup of a species that is somewhat independent from other groups |
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| Dramatic but short-lived reduction in population size followed by an increase in population |
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| Type of cell that oes not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles |
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| Sequence of nucleotides to which the polymerase binds to start transcription |
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| The hypothesis that evolutionary changes occur rapidly and in short bursts followed by long periods of little change |
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| Recognize the components of a two part species name. |
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| Genus, followed by specific name |
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| Recognize the key difference between DNA and RNA. |
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| sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in an RNA molecule isÊribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA isÊdeoxyribose. |
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| Produced by manipulating a DNA sequence |
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| aÊsituationÊin which many copies of the sameÊgeneÊexistÊin aÊgenome. |
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| Prevention of gene flow between different biological species due to failure to produce fertile offspring; can include premating barriers and postmating barriers |
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| Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA |
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| Species change over time, and new species can arise but not from a common ancestor. Each group of species derives from a separate ancestor and arose independently |
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| Form of natural selection that occurs when a trait influences the likelihood of mating |
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| Evolution of one or more species from an ancestral form: macroevolution |
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| A group of individuals that regularly breed together and are generally distinct from other specie in appearance or behavior |
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| Stabilizing Selection occurs when selection favors the intermediate trait value over the extreme values. Populations under this type of selection typically experience a decrease in the amount of additive genetic variation for the trait under selection. |
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| Species arise separately and do not change over time |
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| In the same geographic region |
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| Biologist who specializes in describing and categorizing a particular group of organisms |
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| Transcription is the process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA . Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use... |
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| Species arise separately and change over time in order to adapt to the changing environment |
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| Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein |
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| Understand how the main players of translation come together to make a protein. What are the roles of the different RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA). |
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| Messenger, transfer, ribosomal |
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