Term
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Definition
| Any element that is required in large quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and living of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Any element that is required in very small quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and living of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any close and prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism but detrimental to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that benefits both |
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Term
| Which nutrients are often the most difficult for plants to get from the soil? |
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Definition
| A species is defined as indigenous or native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Species, species that normally lives and thrives in a particular ecosystem. This can include any species that developed with the surrounding habitat, and can be assisted by or affected by a new species. |
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Term
| Why does it take so much energy to fix nitrogen? |
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Definition
| Because no plants or animals have enzymes that can break it down but some bacteria can |
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Term
How much energy is required to fix one molecule of
nitrogen? |
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Definition
| Strong triple bond N=N. Nitrogen fixers have an enzyme called nitrogenase. This takes 36 atp- uses a whole glucose molecule |
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Term
| In what form does nitrogen occur in the air? |
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Definition
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Term
What percentage of air is composed of
nitrogen gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of organisms can produce nitrogenase? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen fixers- bacteria- some prokaryotes |
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Term
| What is the function of nitrogenase? |
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Definition
| To fix the the N2 so in can used my plants in the the NH3 form, they use to make amino acids |
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Term
Where does Azotobacter it occur in relationship to plant roots? What does the plant provide to the
bacterium? What does the bacterium provide to the plant? |
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Definition
Soil: loose association:bacteria stay in slime on outside of roots
Some sugar leak out of roots-Azoto attracted to that slime and absorbs sugars
*exchange sugar for amonia |
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Term
| What kinds of plants form relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the soil? |
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Definition
| Many species of plants- ex:roses |
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Term
About what
percentage of the nitrogen that a beachgrass plant uses in its life comes from Azotobacter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of organisms (plants and bacteria) are involved in nitrogen fixation that occurs inside plant roots? |
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Definition
Prokaryotes that live inside roots-bacteria invade roots-get inside cells
Only in legume(bean) family-bean,pea,clover,soybean,alfalfa,peanuts, ect |
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Term
| What is a nodule and what does it contain? |
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Definition
| Bacteria gets inside cortical cells called nodules, form swells on roots(tumers) |
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Term
Which organism makes the cell wall
material of which the infection thread is composed? |
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Definition
| Legume- epiderms –root hair- tube grows bacteria follows along to cortical cells- called “infection thread” goes into plasma membrane of cortical cell |
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Term
| What is the difference between a bacterium and bacteroid? |
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Definition
| Structure of a bacteroid is derived from the host plants |
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Term
| Where are bacteroids found? |
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Definition
| Bacteriod= bacterium sourounded by PM from host |
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Term
| What structure of a bacteroid is derived from the host plant? |
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Definition
| Bacteria goes through lots of mitosis |
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Term
| What is exchanged between bacteroids and host? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do seeds of legumes contain more protein than seeds of cereals? |
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Definition
| Because of symbiosis- protein content in seed 2-3 times more then otheres |
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Term
| Why do plants often suffer from a shortage of phosphate even though there is abundant phosphate inthe soil? |
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Definition
Present but often unavailable-stuck to other compounds so plants
PO4-form insoluble can’t get it
Complexes with Fe and Al in soil
The PO4 does not come off |
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Term
| What is the size of the depletion zone of phosphate around a root? Why doesn't the phosphate from outside the depletion zone migrate into the zone? |
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Definition
| 1/8 inch depletion zone, molecules too big |
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Term
| How do mycorrhizal fungi help plants overcome the phosphate problem? |
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Definition
Mutualism
Roots form assoc. with certain fungi =mycorrhizae
Fungal hyphae in roots and soil exchange: phos./ sugar almost all plants require myc |
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Term
| What are ectomycorrhizae? What kinds of plants form ectomycorrhizae? |
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Definition
Pine family, pine, fir, spruce, oak, beach ect..
5% of plants. Type of mycrohizae |
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Term
| Explain why attempts to introduce pine trees into Australia failed when seeds were sent there and planted. |
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Definition
| Because there was no mycrohizae- wrong fungal species |
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Term
| About what percentage of plants form arbuscular mycorrhizae? What plants don't form AM? |
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Definition
80%- ferns, gymnosperms, angio
Ash/ yew(chloraphyl 3x)??? |
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Term
| What benefits do plants receive from mycorrhizal relationships? |
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Definition
| Improve PO4 uptake-growth |
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Term
| How important are mycorrhizae for plants to be able to grow in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the processes involved that result in sand being deposited where plants are growing in a
dune. |
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Definition
| Sand- wind –grains move through air unit wind is slowed by an object |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the opposite of Accretion |
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Definition
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Term
| If you wanted to encourage erosion of the dunes, what could you do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What could you do to encourage accretion? |
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Definition
| Fencing slows wind (accretion stops erosion) |
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Term
| What are the major plant species involved in forming dunes in North America and in what regions do they occur? |
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Definition
American beach grass- N east
Sea oat(uniola) –S east, gulf
Grasses- great lakes
Shrubs-west |
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Term
| What stimulates the growth of Ammophila breviligulata |
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Definition
| Plants slow wind near crest- plants cause accretion near crest, growth of plants is stimulated |
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Term
Why does this plant grow better at the front of
the dune than in the back of the dune? |
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Definition
| Ammophila requires frequent deposition of sand-source of nutrients, new sand stimulates growth, new roots. Once the plant is barried in new sand- grows new roots, and uses up all the nutrients.(accretion) |
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Term
| What happens to Ammophila when it is buried by sand? |
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Definition
| Once the plant is barried in new sand- grows new roots, and uses up all the nutrients.(accretion)Ammophia-growth and reproduction. Rizomes-rapid colonization of unvengetated areas,soil under vegetated dune-filled with rhizomes/roots |
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Term
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Definition
| A horizontal, underground stem. |
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Term
| How could you recognize if a plant made rhizomes without digging the rhizome up? |
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Definition
| Plants that spread by rhizomes can often spread quickly and will help hold it in place |
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Term
Why are rhizomes important in determining how quickly barren areas of sand can become
vegetated? |
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Definition
| Because they help spread- rapid colonization of unvegatative areas, hold dune in place |
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Term
| How important are seeds of Ammophila in the colonization of barren areas of sand dunes? |
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Definition
| Not important- 99% eaten by mice |
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Term
| Explain how a sand dune can advance toward the ocean. |
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Definition
| Toward ocean- rare. Requires; supply of new sand and plants- may require protection form humans |
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Term
| Explain how a sand dune retreats. |
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Definition
Retreat-natural process
Storm-waves rush on storm-flat
Wind- smooths out
Ha smoved back somege 1-3 feet/year (max -20 feet)
Causes: wind erosion,wave erosion-both come from hurricane storms.
Rising sea level-newport-1 foot since 1890*
No new sand*
Disstruction of plants |
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Term
| How fast can dunes (and the coastline) retreat in a year? What is the average for RI? |
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Definition
| Average 1-3 feet per year –max 20 feet |
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Term
| At what rate is sea level rising? Why is this a problem for sand dunes? |
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Definition
| Newport rose 1 foot since 1890, covers them |
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Term
When a house is built on sand dunes, what do home-owners do that hastens the retreat of the
dunes? What can be done to stop the dunes from retreating? |
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Definition
| They remove that plants, putting up a fence, leaving the plants, not walking ont hem, adding sand. |
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Term
| What is “beach nourishment?” |
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Definition
Importing sand as protection
New sand 2-3 miles
Ex/ Miami beach – lasts 2-3 years $1,000,000 per mile |
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Term
| How are mycorrhizal fungi important in sand dunes? |
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Definition
Sand is low in nutrients
Ammophila-azotobacter(n)
Ammophila+ most other species arb. Mycorrhizae- for p
Myc. Fungi-plants-dunes(dramatic difference in growth with fungi) |
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Term
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Definition
Native To: Eurasia
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1988
Native To: Eurasia
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1988
Means of Introduction: Ballast water
Impact: Competes with native species; clogs pipes |
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Term
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Definition
Brittle seaweed with cylindrical branches 2-5 mm in diameter. Gorilla ogo grows on the reef where it forms thick intertwining mats up to 15 cm thick
Native to the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, introduced to Hawaii for aquaculture research to produce agar
• Grows quickly, forming large, thick mats over the reef, overgrowing and killing coral and other seaweeds.
• Primarily spread by fragmentation (pieces of seaweed floating to a new location). Can also be spread by people moving pieces unwittingly.
• Large amounts of algae wash ashore on beaches impacting beach use and local economy
• Prevents young, new corals and seaweeds from attaching to the bottom to grow.
• Not recognized or preferred as food for many reef dwellers
• Changes bottom habitat, does not provide larger animals with access to holes and crevices. |
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Term
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Definition
Lionfish are native to the Indian and Pacific oceans. But in the past few years, they've spread up the Eastern seaboard and throughout the Caribbean. The Bahamas have been hit the hardest.
Got out of tank in florida 1992 hurricane |
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Term
GARLIC MUSTARD – HOW DOES THIS SPECIES KNOCK OUT THE
COMPETITION? |
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Definition
Native To: Europe
Date of U.S. Introduction: 1800s
Means of Introduction: Cultivated for food and medicinal use
Impact: Crowds out native species |
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Term
| SNOWFLAKE CORAL IN HAWAII |
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Definition
• Native to the Caribbean, believed to be introduced to Hawaii and spread around the islands by hull fouling. First discovered in Pearl Harbor in 1972
Harm:
• Spreads vegetatively (runners spread to adjacent areas), and by producing young that float to new areas (as planktonic larvae). Continues to spread when boats carry colonies to new locations (hull fouling)
• Overgrows corals and hard reef surfaces, preventing other species from growing. Can grow up to one inch every two weeks
• Colonies eat large amount of zooplankton - tiny animals which support the food web
• Colonies growing in deep water are overgrowing and killing black coral and large swaths of the bottom-dwelling community
In Hawaii:
• Present in large numbers in waters around most of the main Hawaiian Islands although the population appears very limited on Kauai. Small population on Kauai at Port Allen may be eradicable
• Not yet known to be present in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands |
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Term
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Definition
| A new and potentially serious threat to some of North America’s most beautiful and popular trees is the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Native to parts of Asia, the beetle is believed to have arrived in North America in the wooden packing material used in cargo shipments from China. Isolated Asian Longhorned Beetle infestations have been discovered in Brooklyn and Amityville, New York, and in Chicago, Illinois. In all instances where Asian Longhorned Beetles have been found, authorities have reacted quickly to stop the infestation from spreading. |
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Term
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Definition
| Note: The coqui frog has invaded the east side of the Big Island of Hawaii where I am from, and is causing a community wide effort to slow their spread to the westside of the island. Having no natural enemy, these tiny frogs have been multiplying rapidly and are considered an invasive species. Though beloved in their native Puerto Rico, Hawaiians are attempting chemical eradication (and other methods) with little success. In the long run, the loud chirping at night (dusk to about 3 a.m.) may have to be tolerated and accepted. |
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Term
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Definition
Hemlock woolly adelgid was introduced from Asia into the Pacific Northwest in 1924. It was probably introduced into the northeastern US in the 1950's, and it was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 1967. This insect has been damaging hemlock ever since, and it is spreading. To date, 49 Counties in the eastern two-thirds of PA have been infested with this insect.
Hemlock woolly adelgid has two generations per year in Pennsylvania. All populations are made up of females that reproduce asexually. In early spring, overwintering females lay between 100 and 300 eggs in the woolly egg sacs beneath the branches. Mobile larvae, known as crawlers, emerge from the eggs in April or May |
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Term
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Definition
Asian carp have been found in the Illinois River, which connects the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan. Due to their large size and rapid rate of reproduction, these fish could pose a significant risk to the Great Lakes Ecosystem.
To prevent the carp from entering the Great Lakes, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. EPA, the State of Illinois, the International Joint Commission, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are working together to install and maintain a permanent electric barrier between the fish and Lake Michigan. |
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Term
| Describe the effects of feral pigs on native plants, invasive plants, water quality, reefs, and native |
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Definition
birds in Hawaii. What methods are used to control feral pigs and limit damage?
1. Eat native plants
2. Disperse seeds of invasive plants
3. “rooting” by pigs- mud holes-rain-erosion-soil in streams-damage to steams
4. Non native mosquitoes in holes-maleria, death of native birds
Fence used as control, hunt |
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Term
Name several diseases of humans caused by alien species. When Europeans settled North
America, what was the effect of introduced diseases on the population of native Americans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is biocontrol, and what is its advantage in dealing with invasive species? Where would you go to find for a biocontrol for an invasive species? Why must the biocontrol organism be “specific?” |
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Definition
| biocontrol: often best hope –pathegons, predators, consumers-from home range + must be specific often best hope |
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Term
| In about what year did the bird population in Guam begin to decline? What evidence pointed to the problem originating on the south end of the island? |
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Definition
1970s, 74: none in the south, 76-78:pop. In north declines by 80%
In 1968-80,000
85-50 birds left
By 1985: 9 of 12 species of forest birds extinct |
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Term
| Of the 12 species of forest birds native to Guam, how many remain? What effects has the decline of the bird population on Guam had on other native species? |
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Definition
| 4, cascade effect: insects go up,geckos up, bird and bat seed/pollen dispersal goes down. |
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Term
| What were considered to be possible causes of the decline of the bird population? Who carried out the study? What were the TWO reasons that the alien snakes on Guam were not thought to be the cause? |
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Definition
Pestisides, disease, predation, rats, monitor
Not the philipine rat snake: NO because slow ground dwelling-1 meal per month |
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Term
| Describe the brown tree snaked (BTS) and the period when it is active. |
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Definition
Sleeping pattern behavior –all lined up
Can eat 60% body height in one meal
Vicioud and voracious
Birds, eggs, lizards, rabbits, rats, kittens, puppies, bats, chickens,used bandages, tamptoms.
Attacks humans- toliets, showers, heating vent in car
Attacks children
Great climbing ability-fast-birds nest |
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Term
| What do BTS eat? How dangerous are they to humans? What other costly problems did BTS cause on Guam? |
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Definition
| Power outages, every 3-4 day |
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Term
| Why were the birds of Guam especially easy prey for the BTS? |
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Definition
| They line up in a line when they sleep |
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Term
| What method appears to be the most promising to control BTS on Guam? |
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Definition
Bird breeding program
Snake free zone –area 50 –electric fence
Snake killing programs
-trapping
-biocontrol-virus-where from-autralia |
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Term
| What are some other areas the BTS has been found? |
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Definition
| Spread to their areas hide in crates, air cargo, airplanes and are found in all marina islands, Hawaii texas |
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Term
| What methods are used to slow the spread of BTS to other areas of the world? |
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Definition
| Theydo inspections, dogs, snake traps. In Hawaii they've hired ecologists |
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