Study of the kind and diversity of organisms-- and of the relationships between them.

Helps to understand patterns of evolution and who is related to whom. 

"Reconstruct Tree of Life" 

Genus (capitalized)

and species (lower case)

Italicize them 

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species 

T or F:

Each phylogeny is a hypothesis 

Name the five morphologies that phylogenies are based on:

Anatomy

Shape

Structure

Skeleton

Pollen

***Homology-- common structure in different organisms that resulted from common ancerstry 

What is convergent evolution and how does it affect phylogenies?

- a structure found in different organisms that share a common function and a

 superficial appearance, but is not due to inheritance from a common ancestor

The more closely related the more similar the DNA

Evol. changes reflected in DNA 

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryote 

Monera- single-celled prokaryotes

protista- single-celled eukaryotes

fungi

plants

animals 

a mutually beneficial interdependence between two species, one of which

  resides permanently inside the other’s body.

- they have their own DNA, similar to bacterial DNA (i.e. occurs as small loops; DNA not

  complexed with histone)

- they divide independently of host cell, under their own genetic control (similar to binary

  fission)

- have small, unique ribosomes similar to bacteria

- protein synthesis is inhibited by antibiotics specific for bacteria

By what they are NOT

(not prokaryotic, not plants, not fungi, not animals) 

Eukaryotic

Mostly single-celled

Some heterotrphic, others autotrophic (photosynthesize)

Some are fungus-like, plant-like, animal-like 

Plasmodial Slime Mold

"a-cellular" no discrete cells, thousands of nuclei

oozes around leaves/logs; eats bacteria

when dry, form "fruting body" 

Cellular Slime Mold-

Conglomeration of individual cells

Engulf bacteria

when no food (stressed) makes fruiting body

Water Mold

Filamentous- look like fungi and eat like them

Differ structuaraly and biochemically 

Marine phytoplankton

Sea-dwelling

70% of worlds photosynthesis

lot of carbon fixation, oxygen production

important to food web 

Dinoflagellates-

Two flagella, red tide, neurotoxin to humans

Diatoms-

Protective silica shells, origin of oil

Euglenoids-

Plant like, does photosynthesis

When loses chloro. becomes animal-like (heterotroph)

Has eye spot, detects light 

Red-

Warm water

Brown-

Cool (polar) water

Green Algae 

Unicellular heterotroph

Zooflagellates-

Symbiotic/Parasitic

Lives in soil, water, Giardia. Tsetse fly (sleep sick)  amoebae, forminiferans- form chalk

Sporozoans-

Dual host parasites (forms spores in one host) ie. malaria

Ciliates-

Most complex, covered in cilia (movement)

Can immobilize prey 

Can not:  assimilate and use energy, respond to environment, maintain internal environment, inherited information system (sort of), can reproduce using DNA (sort of), composed of cells, evolved from living things (??), and highly organized (compared to inanimate things [I guess so], but LIFE can do ALL of the ABOVE

- protein coat is specific for specific host

- host ability to reproduce is destroyed

2) viral DNA uses host enzymes to make more viral DNA and more proteins

3) new viral components are assembled into clones of the original invader

4) virus breaks out and produces a lytic enzyme (“lysis”), releasing new viruses

BIG) Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.

Multicellular.

Has organelles.

DNA is packaged

Pro(before) Karyotic (nucleus)  = before nucleus

Prikaryotic cells have no nucleus always singled cell small no organelle

- cell wall construction is different from bacteria

- membrane lipids: some span the membrane making it a mono-layer

- tend to be thermophiles

- Only recently discovered to be genetically distinct from bacteria (1977)

- release methane as a waste product of metabolisms (methangens)

Characteristics of bacteria: small, single celled, no nucleus or organelles

Three main shapes:(Bacilli (rods), Cocci (spherical), Helicies(spirals))

Bacteria (along with viruses) cause most diseases

- black death                - strep throat

- syphilis                       - salmonella

- pneumonia                 - botulism

- antibiotics come from other organisms, usually fungi (like penicillium)

- antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria

- they are effective against bacteria

- they are produced by other microorganisms (usually fungi)

Bacteria have no real sexual reproduction  by “binary fission”

 = no inter-breeding

= no traditional “biological species concept”

            - “conjugation” can result in mixing of genes (or: “sex in bacteria”)

            - horizontal gene transfer can make taxonomy difficult

- decomposers (heterotrophs)

- symbiosis (gut flora) – nitrogen – fixing root nodules

- dairy products and fermentation

- nitrogen fixation

- atmospheric nitrogen occurs in unusable form –  N₂ –cannot be used by plants

- bacteria convert nitrogen to bio-available forms – N₄ –plants can use

Cyanobacteria…(are autotrophic/photosynthetic)

-prokaryote

-The thylakoid membrane is the site for photosynthesis.

-Has an internal membrane system – does not have a nucleus

-About the size of a chloroplast

-produced oxygen

-important primary colonizers

Extremophiles – microorganisms (primarily) that thrive in conditions that we (humans) consider to be “extreme.”

* Bacteria is the most successful organisms

Heat loving

                        Record high temperature of life: 117˚C (243˚F)

                        *Bottom of the sea

If 80˚C it’ll die because it’ll die

Record low temperature for life: -12˚C (about 10˚F)

Although: some lichens can photosynthesize at -17˚C …about 0˚F

-Psychrophiles: cold loving

This is the fungus Dr. W discovered in Antarctica

Humicola marvinii grown at -2˚C (did well)

Humicola marvinii grown at 20˚C (room temp) (shriveled up)

Humicola marvinii grown at -6˚C (Petri dish froze but still grew)

-Extremes of pH…

                        -Acidophiles

                        -Alkilophiles

            -Halophiles – salt loving

            -Xerophiles – dry loving

            -Barophiles – pressure loving

-170 miles long, 30 miles wide

            -Buried under 2.5 miles of ice

            -Has been isolated for 15 million years

            -Biologists want to know if there are any little critters growing in there

            -Don’t have technology to punch through the ice into the lake without contaminating it

Adaptation to extremes is mostly dependent upon maintenance of:

1.      Functional enzymes

2.      Structural molecules (e.g. cell membranes)

Cells adapted to high temperature will produce more saturated membrane fatty acids.

Cells adapted to low temperature will produce more unsaturated membrane fatty acids.

Deinoccus radiodurans – bacterium

            -Durable in radioactivity

            -Common name “Conan the Bacterium”

            -Radiation (rads)

                        -1000 rads humans would die, Conan is happy

                        -10,000 rads humans ditto, Conan is happy

                        -100,000 rads humans ditto, Conan is happy

                        -500,000 rads humans ditto, Conan is happy

                        -1,000,000 rads humans ditto, Conan is happy

                        -1,750,000 rads humans ditto, Conan is still somewhat alive

                        -3, 000, 000 rads humans ditto, Some Conan’s are still alive

                        -More than 3 million rads humans ditto, Conan is DEAD