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Definition
Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells
-Each the same as the parent nucleus |
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-Somatic Cells -Contains both members of each pair of homologous chromosomes
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Contains only one member of each homologous chromosome pair
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Term
| (Terminally) Differentiated Cell |
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Definition
The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to possess a more distinct form and function.
-Red blood cell: loses its nucleus in order to carry oxygen |
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-Any cell in the body of an organism/multicellular organisms.
-There is growth/development and repair/renewal in cells |
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| Eukaryotic Cell: Genetic Material |
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Definition
DNA + Histones = Nucleosome = become coiled i= Chromatin. Chromatin coils into Chromosomes. Chromosomes are in the nucleus of a cell.
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Definition
-10nm in diameter -DNA winds around a cluster of histone molecules -Linker DNA between histone molecules -Histone Tails present
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| Organization of Eukaryotic Chromosome |
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Definition
Different levels. Nucleosome: 1st level. Chromatin formed in: 2nd level. Fibers looping: 3rd level.
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Term
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Definition
The series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). Eukaryotic unique only, with nucleus present.
1) INTERPHASE- G1, S, G2.
2) M PHASE- Mitosis, Cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
The longest part of the cycle (23 hours in mammalian species. Phase where cell gets ready to divide Consists of:
G1, S, G2. |
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Definition
-The first growth phase in interphase
-Cell synthesizes proteins and produces cytoplasmic organelles.. |
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Definition
-Synthesis phase
-Main: DNA replication
-Histone proteins are synthesized as well so that the cell can make duplicate copies of its chromosomes. |
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Definition
-Shorter in comparison to G1 and S phase
-Increased protein synthesis occurs,
-Final steps in the cell’s preparation for division
-Right before mitosis/as it initiates, centrosomes move to opposite ends |
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Definition
-10% of cell division cycle
-Consists of mitosis and interphase |
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Term
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Definition
-Mitotic spindles begin to form
-Nuclear envelope breaks up
-Chromatin begins to foil into chromatin, which are split into two sister chromatids
-Kinetochores attach and form to centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the chromosome that links two sister chromatids together |
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Definition
-Protein structues attached to each centromere
-Microtubules bind to them |
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Definition
-Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes/chromatids, -Attach chromosomes to the cell poles
-Line chromosomes up at equatorial/metaphase plate
-Nuclear envelope disappears |
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Definition
| -Spindle poles move farther apart and the spindles pull the sister chromatids apart at their centromeres. Each daughter chromosome pulled towards one end. |
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Definition
They are within the centrosomes, and as the centrosomes split, a pair of centrioles are at each spindle pole
-Spindle microtubules come out of centrioles |
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Definition
-Chromosomes grouped at poles
-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Cleavage furrow |
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Term
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Definition
-Cytoplasm pinching leads to a forming of a cleavage furrow (pinched by microfilaments as a ring contracts)
-The cytoplasm splits on the furrow, forming two daughter identical daughter cells with nuclei each |
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Definition
In between prophase and metaphase
When spindles shoot out and chromosomes are being pulled by spindles, but not yet lined in middle |
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Definition
-Forms during plant cell "cytokinesis"
-How cells duplicate in plant cells, instead of cleavage furrow |
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Term
| Cell Cycle Checkpoints (and examples) |
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Definition
Requirements for cell division phases to go on.
G1 --> S2. Is cell big enough? No? Stop. Is there DNA damage? If yes, stop.
G2 --> M: Is DNA fully replicated? If no, stop. Is there DNA damage? If yes, stop.
Metaphase to Anaphase: Are all sister chromatids attached? If no, stops.
Also: from G1 ---> S/G2 ---> M, depends on activation of a protein cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA Replication begins at single site on bacteria chromosome
-Replication enzymes work in opposite directions on chromosome
-Daughter chromosomes separate, and Z ring forms at cell. Cell wall appears
-Two identical daughter cells |
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