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Definition
| Cell divides into 2 identical cells by a 4 phase process. |
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| Chromosomes condense, becoming shorter and more tightly wound. |
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Definition
| Series of microtibules that extends from poles of cell. |
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| Chromosomes attach to spindles at centromeres and align along middle of cell. Chromosomes are pulled and experience tension. No Nucleus |
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Definition
| Plasma membrane indents along equator. Chromosomes separate at centromeres and separate sister chromatids. Temporarily has twice the number of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| 2 sets of separated chromatids assemble at 2 poles of the cell and uncoil back to the original state. Spindles disappear and nuclear envelope reforms. Division of genetic material is complete. |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm divides among 2 cells along with organelles. Furrowing is completed = 2 identical daughter cells (diploid). |
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| Ensure that chromosomes replicate and separate into daughter cells. |
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Term
| Faulty checkpoints cause: __________. |
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Definition
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Definition
-Rapidly & neatly dismantles a cell into pieces that a phagocyte destroys.
-Continues like Mitosis. |
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Definition
| Destroy proteins & cell components, creating blebs. |
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Definition
-Hormones are synthesized in the glands and transported in the blood stream.
-Growth factors. |
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Term
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Definition
-Cyclins- Fluctuate.
-Kinases - Remain steady. |
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Term
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Definition
-Death signal.
-Activation of caspases.
-Organized dismantling.
-Phagocytosis. |
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Term
| First cells form when gametes join: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 23 individual chromosomes. Half as many as somatic cells. |
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Term
| Germline cells are _________, but form __________ gametes during division. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Consists of 2 stages of cell division.
-Happens in both sexes.
-1 diploid cell = 4 daughter haploid cells. |
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Term
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Definition
1 = Reduction division.
-Reduces # of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23.
-2 sets of chromosomes are created.
2 = Equational division.
-Forms 4 cells from the 2 cells formed in Meiosis 1.
-Line up to end in Metaphase. |
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Term
| Gamete Maturation in Males: |
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Definition
-Begin manufacturing sperm at puberty.
-Continues throughout life. |
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Term
| Gamete Maturation in Females: |
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Definition
-Begins as a fetus.
-Completes only if egg is fertilized. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of sperm cells.
-Meiosis produces haploid spermatocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of eggs.
-Meiosis is uneven, concentrating most of cytoplasm into 1 cell.
-Other cells are called polar bodies and normally degenerate. |
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Term
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Definition
-Zygote: Fertilized ovum.
-Embryo: 1st 8 weeks, basics start to form.
-Fetus: Structures grow & specialize. Week 9 - birth. |
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Definition
| Can kick, has development of teeth. |
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Definition
| Feel distinct kicks, jabs and can possibly feel fetal hiccup. |
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Definition
| Organs form quickly, fat fills out body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less severe than alcohol induced birth defects. |
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Term
| Birth Defects: Cigarettes: |
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Definition
-Carbon Monoxide (CO) prevents oxygen from binding in the brain.
-Increase in risk of stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight and spontaneous abortion. |
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Term
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Definition
-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS: (1-2 drinks a day)
-Mental retardation/impairment.
-Lack social & communication skills. |
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| Birth Defects: Nutrients: |
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Definition
-Vitamins as drugs.
-Accutane (Vitamin A derivative).
-Spontaneous abortion & heart defects. |
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Term
| Occupational hazards in females: |
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Definition
| -Lead, textile dyes, mercury, photographic chemicals. |
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Term
| Occupational hazards in males: |
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Definition
| Glass manufacturing, smelters and bakers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low birth weight, prematurity, still birth. |
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Term
| Viral Infections: Rubella: |
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Definition
| Cataracts, speech/hearing issues, heart defects. |
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Definition
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| Viral Infections: Hepatitis B: |
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Definition
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