Term
| Stages of Food Processing: |
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Definition
| 1) Ingestion 2) Digestion 3) Absorption 4) Elimination |
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Definition
| - The actual intake of food |
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Definition
| - Mechanical breakdown in mouth in animals with teeth |
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Definition
| - Absorbing the broken down nutrients into the body for energy |
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Definition
| - Feces remove undigested materials |
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Term
| animals with incomplete digestive system |
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Definition
| - Cnidarians and Flatworms |
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| contain bacteria which aid in digestion |
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Definition
| Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along |
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Definition
| control the movement of food into an out of digestive chambers |
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Definition
| Enzyme that digests proteins; secreted into the stomach as the inactive form of Pepsinogen |
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Definition
| creates pancreatic juice; digestive enzymes and alkaline solution |
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Definition
| produces bile; bile contains salts that emulsify fats |
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Definition
| stores the bile until it is used by the Liver |
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Definition
| upper part of the small intestine |
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Definition
| from the stomach mixes with the bile, pancreatic juice and intestinally produced enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Stomach takes 2-6 hours to empty undigested food into the small intestine - Remained of digestion and absorption takes place here - Enzymes break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats in the small intestine - Blood flows to the liver where nutrients and processed and stored |
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Definition
| Removes excess glucose from the blood and converts it to a storage molecule, glycogen Detoxifies Substances: converts to inactive forms; excreted in urine; however, some substances cannot be detoxified Synthesizes many proteins: blood clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol |
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Definition
| - Absorbs water from the undigested material: becomes feces as water is removed - Joins the small intestin at a T Junction - Colon bacteria produce vitamins --- biotin, vitamin K, B vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| blidn pouch on the juncture of small and large intestine |
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Definition
| a small extension of the cecum that contains the white blood cells |
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Term
| GERD - Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease - |
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Definition
| Caused by lack of a good diet and exercise, and by alcohol and smoking and causes chyme to rise into the esophagus |
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Term
| Antacids and Acid Blockers: |
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Definition
| reduce the acidity of chyme; ex. Pepcid AC and Zantac |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. Prilosec; very effective Can also have surgery to strengthen esophageal sphincter |
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Term
| Gastric Ulcers and Helicobacter Pylori; |
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Definition
| Pepsin and hydrochloric acid destory stomach cells faster than the cells can regenerate - May lead to a hole in the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| spiral shaped, gram negative; 50% of all humans have it; tolerant to stomach acid; found in 70-90% of ulcer sufferers - Large H. Pylori populations cause predisposal for ulcer development: Inflammation, loss of protective mucus, increase in acid production |
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Definition
| Internal tubes; no connection with circulatory system - Reduces water loss - Air is piped directly to cells - Smallest branches called tracheoles - Ventilate system by body movement |
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Definition
| outfoldings; extensions of the body - Movement ventilates the gills (moving water past the gills); countercurrent flow of water and blood - Water flows in opposite direction as blood; water high in oxygen, blood low in oxygen - Oxygen diffuses from high to low concentration |
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Definition
| internal sacs with a moist epithelium - Gases carried between lungs and body cells via circulatory system |
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Term
| Tetrapod Lungs and Evolution - |
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Definition
| Amphibians: small lungs and their body surface (rely less on lungs) - Nonbird Reptiles: lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs (rely less on lungs) - Birds and Mammls: higher metabolic rates and more complex lungs (rely more on lungs) |
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Term
Most animals transport oxygen bound to proteins called respiratory pigments which organisms use Copper?
what about iron? |
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Definition
copper-containing pigment is used by mollusks and arthropods
Iron-Containing Hemoglobin - used by alomost all vertebrated and many invertebrates
- transports oxygen, buffers blood and transports carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Most animals use a circulatory system composed of |
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Definition
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Definition
- Arthropods and many molluscs
- Heart pumps blood through open-ended vessels
- Fluids returns through pores when heart relaxes
- Cells directly bathed in blood |
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Term
| Closed circulatory systems |
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Definition
- Vertebrates, earthworms, squids, octopuses
- Blood stays confined to vessels
- A heart pumps blood through arteries to capillaries
- Veins return blood to heart |
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Term
| Two chambered heart: single circulation |
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Definition
- Fish
- Pumps blood in a single circuit, from gill capillaries, to systemic capillaries, back to heart |
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Definition
- Heart and lungs; (skin)
- Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits |
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Definition
- Amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizards
- Two atria
- One undivided ventricle (mixing) |
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Term
| Double circulation, four chambered hearts |
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Definition
Crocodilians, birds, mammals
- 2 atria and 2 ventricles
- Two circuits that do not mix
Right – to lungs
Left – lungs to body
- Higher blood pressure
Supports more efficient movement blood, especially endothermic animals |
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Term
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Definition
Non-cell portion of blood
About 90% water
Contains
- Various inorganic ions
- Proteins, nutrients
- Wastes, gases
- Hormones |
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Term
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Definition
- Salt and fluid balance
- pH buffering
- clotting
- defence |
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Term
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Definition
– divide in bone marrow
- produce all the types of blood cells throughout life
- used to treat some blood disorders
Repairing damage to the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
- platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue forms a plug
- platelets help trigger the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
- a fibrin clot traps blood cells |
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Term
- Conduction:
- Convection:
- Radiation:
- Evaporation: |
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Definition
- Conduction: transfer between objects
- Convection: movement of air past a surface
- Radiation: electromagnetic
- Evaporation: loss of heat from surface of liquid |
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Term
| Adaptions that promote thermoregulation |
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Definition
1. increased metabolic rate
2. insulation
3. circulatory adaptations
4. evaporative cooling
5. behavioral responses |
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Term
| 1. increased metabolic rate |
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Definition
- Hormonal changes boost metabolic rate in birds and mammals, some fish
- Shivering
- Increased physical activity
- Honeybees cluster and shiver |
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Term
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Definition
- Hair
- Feathers
- Fat layers |
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Term
| 3. circulatory adaptations |
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Definition
- Increased or decreased blood flow to skin
- Large flow to skin
- Counter current heat exchange |
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Term
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Definition
- Sweating
- Panting: not just for dogs |
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Definition
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Definition
- Endotherms and ectoderms
- Examples: moving to the sun or shade, migrating, bathing |
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Term
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Definition
- Same internal solute concentration as seawater
- Many marine invertebrates are osmoconformers |
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Term
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Definition
| control their solute concentration |
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Term
| Freshwater fish control their concentration of salt by: |
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Definition
- Saltier than their environment
- Gain water by osmosis
- Excrete excess water: lose some salt with it
- Pump salt in across their gills |
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Term
| Saltwater fish control their concentration of salt by: |
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Definition
- Lose water by osmosis
- Drink seawater: take in excess salt
- Pump out excess salt |
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Term
| Land animals control their concentration of salt by: |
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Definition
- Gain water by drinking and eating
- Lose water by evaporation and waste disposal
- Conserve water using : Kidneys, behaviour adoptions, waterproof skin |
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Term
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Definition
- Poisonous
- Soluble in water
- Easily disposed of by aquatic animals |
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Definition
(mammals, amphibians, sharks, some boney fishes)
- Less toxic
- Easier to store
- Energy to produce |
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Definition
(birds and many other reptiles, insects, land snails)
- Virtually dry wastes
- Conserves water |
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Term
| Sweating and electrolytes |
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Definition
- Lose salts when sweat
- Hyponatermia
- Salts are needed for proper functioning of nerves, circulatory system etc
- Drinking too much water after sweating profusely for hours can dilute your body fluids too much
- Marathon runners |
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Term
| marathon runners can have certain problems such as: |
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Definition
| Hyponatremia, cerebral edma, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edma |
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Term
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Definition
- Consists of all hormone-secreting cells
- Works with nervous system to regulate body activites
- Nervous system reacts faster
- Endocrine system responses last longer
- The nervous system communicates, regulates |
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Term
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Definition
- Chemical signals
- Usually carried in the blood
- Cause specific changes in target cells
- Secreted by: endrocrine glands and neurosecretory cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Very narrow range of targets and effects or
- Numerous effects on many kinds of target cells |
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Term
Hormones signalling
3 key events |
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Definition
- Reception
- Signal transduction
- Response |
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Term
| 1. Amnio-acid derived hormone |
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Definition
- Water soluble
- Proteins, peptides, and amines
- Bind to plasma-membrane receptors on target cells
- Initiate a signal transduction pathway |
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Term
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Definition
- Nonpolar lipids made from cholesterol
- Diffuse through plasma membranes
- Bind to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- Hormone-receptor complex carries out the transduction of the hormone signal |
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Term
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Definition
- Organs
- Some are specialized for hormone secretion only
- Some do other jobs |
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Term
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Definition
- Receives input nerves about body conditions
- Sending out appropriate nervous or endocrine signals
- Uses the pituitary gland to exert master control over the endocrine system
- Releasing hormones – stimulate the anterior pituitary
- Inhibiting hormones – inhibit the anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
- Nervous tissue
- Store and secrets two hormones |
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Term
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Definition
- Synthesizes and secrets hormones that control the activity of other glands
- Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| – hormones help maintain homeostasis when the body is stressed |
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Term
| Nerve signals from the hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete |
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Definition
Nerve signals from the hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
Trigger the fight-or-flight responses |
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Term
| Hormones from the pituitary cause the adrenal cortex to secret |
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Definition
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralocorticoids |
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Term
| Short-term stress response |
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Definition
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Increased breathing rate
4. Increased metabolic rate
5. Change in blood-flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity |
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Term
Long term stress response
Mineralocorticoids |
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Definition
1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure |
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Term
long term stress response:
Glucocorticoids |
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Definition
1. Proteins and fats broken down to glucose leading to increased blood glucose
2. Immune system may be suppressed |
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Term
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Definition
- Stimulate the development of female characteristics
- Maintain the female reproductive system |
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Definition
- Such as testosterone
- Trigger the development of male characteristics |
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Term
the effects of prolactin in:
humans
non- human animals
birds
amphibians
fish |
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Definition
Humans: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
- Non-human mammals – stimulates nest building
- Birds – regulates fat metabolism and reproduction
- Amphibians – movement to water
- Fish – migration between salt and fresh water |
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Term
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Definition
- Obtains and processes sensory information
- Sends commands to effectors cells (muscles) that carry out appropriate responses |
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Term
| nervous system in Radically symmetrical animals: |
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Definition
| - Nervous system arranged in a web like system of neurons – nerve net |
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Term
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Definition
| – presence of a central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| – concentration of the nervous system in the head region |
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Definition
- Conduct signals from sensory receptors
- To the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
- Integrate information
- Send it to motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
nt
- small, nitrogen – containing molecules
- acetylcholine is a nt in the brain between neurons and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
- act at synapses
- affect neurotransmitter action
- caffeine counter acts inhibitory neurotransmitters
- nicotine acts as a stimulant
- alcohol is a depressant |
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Term
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Definition
- Largest and most complex part of the brain
- Most integrative power is in the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
- 80% of brain mass
- Specialized integrative regions
Somatosensory
Centres for vision, hearing, taste, and smell |
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Term
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Definition
- Most of the cerebrum
- Higher mental activities |
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Term
| Midbrain, subdivision of the hindbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
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Definition
- Conduct information to and from higher brain centres
- Regulate homeostatic functions
- Keep track of body position
- Sort sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
productive areas where rivers meet the ocean
- Brackish – a little bit salty
- Provide nursery areas for oysters, crabs and many fish |
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Term
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Definition
Wetland at the edge of an estuary or ocean, where water meets land
- Salt marshes, sand, rocky beaches, and tide pools are part of the intertidal zone
- Often flooded by high tides and then left dry during low tides |
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Term
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Definition
- Open ocean
- Highly motile animals such as fishes, squids, and marine mammals
- Phytoplankton and zooplankton drift in the
- Benthic
- - ocean bottom
- Variety of organisms based on depth and light |
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Term
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Definition
| - Portion of the ocean into which light penetrates : photosynthesis, phytoplankton |
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Definition
- Most extensive part of the biosphere
- No light; material sinks from the photic zone
- Diverse and dense population inhabits this zone |
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Definition
- Warm, moist belt along the equator
• Most diverse ecosystem on Earth
• Large-scale human destruction
• Endanger many species, may alter world climate: absorbs CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| - Drier, tropical areas and some non tropical areas |
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Definition
- Driest of all terrestrial biomes
- Characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall |
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Definition
- Shrub land with cool, rainy winters and dry, hot summers
- Adapted to periodic fires |
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Definition
- Interiors of the continents
- Winters are cold
• Drought, fires, and grazing animals prevent trees from growing
• Farms have replaced most of North America’s temperate grasslands |
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Term
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Definition
- Grow where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees
• North America: drastically altered by agriculture and urban development |
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Term
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Definition
- Few species of trees
- Largest terrestrial biome on Earth
- Long cold winters and short wet summers |
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Term
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Definition
| - Treeless, characterized by extreme cold, wind and permafrost (continuously frozen subsoil) |
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Term
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Definition
- Sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources
- Competition occurs when the niches of two populations overlap |
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Term
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Definition
Autotrophs
- Primary producers
- Use light energy to produce organic compounds
- Water: photosynthetic protists, cyanobacteria
- Lgae and aquatic plants
- Land: plants |
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Term
| Detritivores and decomposers |
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Definition
- Scavengers
- Derive energy from dead matter and wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of energy through components of the ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of materials within ecosystem |
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Term
| Chemicals cycling in ecosystems |
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Definition
- Between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs
- Organism acquire chemicals as nutrients and lose chemicals are waste products |
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Term
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Definition
- Cycle chemicals between organisms and the earth
- Can be local or global |
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Term
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Definition
- Carbon is the major ingredient of all organic molecules
- The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by respiration closely balances its removal by photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Essential component of proteins and nucleic proteins and nucleic acids
2 abiotic reservoirs
- Air
- Coil
Nitrogen fixation converts N2 to nitrogen used by plants |
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Term
| Chemical cycling in an ecosystem depends on |
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Definition
- The web of feeding
- Relationships between plants, animals, and detritivores
- Geologic processes |
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Term
| Altering an environment can cause severe losses in chemical cycling |
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Definition
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Term
| how does Global climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities and populations? |
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Definition
- Terrestrial biomes determined by temperature and rainfall
- - changing as a consequence of global warming
- Distributions of popultaios and species also changing
- Disappearance of many species being caused by changing climate
- Climate change affects seasonal events in some plants and animals |
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Term
| how is Rapid warming is changing the global climate? |
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Definition
- The scientific debate is over
- Global temperature has risen
- O.8 C in the last 100 years
- 0.6 C of that increase occurened |
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