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| Name the two men who discovered structure of DNA... |
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| Name of woman whose data Watson and Crick used to make their discovery |
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Backbone made of what? Sugar-phospate
Nucleotides? G and C A and T
Type of bond that holds the structure together Hydrogen bonding |
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| Which base goes with which? |
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| Why this is important for replication? |
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| B/c nucleotides ATCG have complimentary bonds. |
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| # of chromosomes in human cell |
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| Genome=all genetic info in the cell; Gene=a code for a specific protein |
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| Where each part takes place in cell |
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| DNA(nucleus) RNA(cytoplasm) Protein(ribosome) |
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| Definition of semiconservative |
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| each new DNA strand has half of original and half new. |
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| Why is simiconservative important? |
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| Keeping half of original makes it identical |
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| Remember DNA replication uses lots ____? |
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| Remember DNA replication uses lots ____? |
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| 2 main enzymes in DNA replication |
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a. DNA polymerase – An enzyme that catalysis the synthesis of DNA
b. Helicase – Unwinds the DNA(if you were DNA I would be DNA helicase so I could unzip your genes) HAHA |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| making lots of copies of DNA for further analysis |
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| it generates series of DNA fragments that are complimentary to the original DNA. |
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| What does DNA sequencing do? |
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| finds out the order of the original DNA |
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| DNA profiling=RFLP....what is it used for? |
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to detect differences between individual
Match DNA samples, find the baby daddy |
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| Why it’s important that cell division be balanced with cell death |
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| b/c it can cause built up of tissue mass called a tumor |
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| Name of one of 2 identical copies of a replicated chromosome |
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| Number of chromosomes found in somatic cells? |
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| Term that describes having 2 full sets of genetic information |
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| Way somatic cells are produced |
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| Example of cells that do not undergo the process of cell division |
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| Name of sperm and egg cells |
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| # of chromosomes found in gametes? |
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| Term that describes having 1 full set of genetic information |
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| Way that gametes are produced? |
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| “picture” of pairs of chromosomes |
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| 2 major phases of cell cycle |
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| Difference between benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous) |
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| abnormal varients of a gene that normally control cell division |
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| What they(Oncogene) can do to cause cancer… |
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| may accelerate cell cycle and cause cancer |
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| encode proteins that normally block cancer development |
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| What can tumor supressor genes do to cause cancer |
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| promote normal cell death to prevent cell division/ mutation or deletion of gene |
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| Other common contributors to development of cancer |
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| Harmful chemicals, radiation, viruses(HPV)….also environment-smoking, sun damage, poor diet, lack of exercise will increase risk |
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Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy |
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| 2 main functions of apoptosis |
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1.Eliminates excess cells to carve out functional structures like fingers and toes
2.Weeds out cells that might harm the organism |
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| Name of apoptosis-specific enzymes--- |
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| 2 main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction |
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1. genetic clone=asexual
2. Sexual-genetic variation----2 organisms |
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| Autosome vs. sex chromosomes |
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| a. How many of each found in somatic cells 44 b/c 2 are sex cells b. How many of each found in sex (germ) cells 22 b/c 1 is sex cell c. What sex chromosomes make a girl vs. boy xx-girl xy-boy d. Which parent controls the sex of the child (mother or father) and why. Father, he has X AND Y |
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| 3 ways variability is added to organism by meiosis |
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| a. Crossing over (occurs in Prophase I) b. Random alignment (occurs in Metaphase I) c. Random fertilization |
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| Difference between fraternal or identical twins |
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| Identical twins come from same egg and they have the exact same genes. |
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| Main differences between mitosis and meiosis |
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| —Mitosis occurs in somatic cells throughout the life cycle —Meiosis only in germ cells during some life stages —Mitosis has one cell division yielding 2 daughters —Meiosis has 2 cell divisions yielding 4 daughters —Cytokinesis happens once in mitosis —Twice in meiosis —Only in meiosis do homologous pairs align and crossing over occurs —Mitosis yields identical daughter cells for growth, repair, asexual reproduction —Meiosis yields genetically variable daughters for sexual reproduction |
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| one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes |
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| chromosomes fail to separate at 1st or 2nd meiotic division a. Most prominent example in humans- Trisomy 21 |
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| a. Deletions b. Duplications c. Inversions |
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| production of sperm cells b. How long does it occur in males and why? A man’s whole life |
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a. What is it- production of eggs
b. How long does it occur in females and why? It occurs before birth |
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