Term
Which of the following statements best
describes the carbon atoms present in a
grass-fed cow? |
|
Definition
The carbon atoms ultimately came
from carbon dioxide incorporated into
sugars through photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
Organisms interact with their
environments, exchanging matter and
energy. For example, plant chloroplasts
convert the energy of sunlight into |
|
Definition
| the energy of chemical bonds. |
|
|
Term
| A covalent bond is likely to be polar when |
|
Definition
one of the atoms sharing electrons is
much more electronegative than the
other atom. |
|
|
Term
Which of these provides evidence of the
common ancestry of all life? |
|
Definition
| near universality of the genetic code |
|
|
Term
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are
known to be essential to life. Which four of
these 25 elements make up approximately
96% of living matter? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
|
|
Term
Hydrogen bonding among different types
of molecules is responsible for water
clinging to the cell walls in the vascular
tissues of plants. This helps facilitate water
moving against gravity from roots to leaves.
This property is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Biology can be described as chemistry's
emergent property. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the best
description of a control for an experiment? |
|
Definition
The control group is matched with the
experimental group except for the one
experimental variable. |
|
|
Term
Through time, the lineage that led to
modern birds shows a change from
feathered dinosaurs who ran on two legs to
warm-blooded, beaked critters who fly
with wings. This change is best explained
by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why is the theme of evolution considered
to be the core theme of biology by
biologists? |
|
Definition
It provides a framework within which
all biological investigation makes
sense. |
|
|
Term
Compared with 13C, the radioactive isotope
14C has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12) Based on your knowledge of the polarity of
water molecules, the solute molecule
depicted here is most likely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following effects is produced
by the high surface tension of water? |
|
Definition
A quarter can be suspended on the
surface of water in a glass. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following would be regarded
as compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is true of all atoms that
are cations? |
|
Definition
The atom has more protons than
electrons. |
|
|
Term
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one
glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic
linkage to one galactose molecule. How is
lactose classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone and estradiol: |
|
Definition
are alike except for two functional
groups. |
|
|
Term
At present, scientists believe that conditions
on early Earth probably included plenty of: |
|
Definition
CO2
electrical storms
volcanic activity
H2O
E) all of the above |
|
|
Term
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in
water, according to the equation CO2 +
H2O |
|
Definition
| Blood pH will decrease slightly. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a correct
sequence of levels in life's hierarchy,
proceeding downward from an individual
animal? (THINK about this...) |
|
Definition
nervous system, brain, nervous tissue,
nerve cell |
|
|
Term
Which of the following best summarizes the
relationship between dehydration reactions
and hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
Dehydration reactions assemble
polymers, and hydrolysis reactions
break down polymers. |
|
|
Term
We can be sure that a mole of table salt and
a mole of glucose are equal in their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ice float in liquid water? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep
the molecules of ice farther apart than
the water molecules of liquid water. |
|
|
Term
When the body's blood glucose level rises,
the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a
result, the blood glucose level declines.
When the blood glucose level is low, the
pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result,
the blood glucose level rises. Such
regulation of the blood glucose level is the
result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In 1828, Friedrick Wöhler, while attempting
to synthesize an "inorganic" salt,
accidentally made __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The label on a container of margarine lists
"hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major
ingredient. What is the result of adding
hydrogens to vegetable oil? |
|
Definition
The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays
solid at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of both
starch and glycogen? |
|
Definition
| E) They are both polymers of glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The amount of heat it takes to raise the
temperature of 1g (1ml) of water by 1
degree Celcius is defined as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A water sample from a hot thermal vent
contained a single-celled organism that
had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What
is its most likely classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true of cellulose? |
|
Definition
It is a major structural component of
plant cell walls. |
|
|
Term
| If a solution has a pH of 7, this means that |
|
Definition
the concentration of H+ ions in the
water equals the concentration of OHions
in the water. |
|
|
Term
Darwin's finches, collected from the
Galápagos Islands, illustrate which of the
following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The slight negative charge at one end of
one water molecule is attracted to the slight
positive charge of another water molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the chemical reaction mechanism
by which cells make polymers from
monomers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why does evaporation of water from a
surface cause cooling of the surface? |
|
Definition
The fastest-moving (hottest) water
molecules evaporate more readily,
leaving the cooler molecules behind. |
|
|
Term
From the list below, the element present in
all organic molecules is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The temperature of Lake Superior is so
stable because it absorbs so little heat from
the sun. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved
that (think this through!) |
|
Definition
| organic molecules can be synthesized |
|
|
Term
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a
mass number of 16. Thus, what is the
atomic mass of an oxygen atom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A carbon atom is most likely to form what
kind of bond(s) with other atoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which drawing in the figure above depicts
an atom with a valence of 3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the eastern coral snake/scarlet king
snake experiment discussed in class,
researchers were interested in testing the
following hypothesis: |
|
Definition
Predators adapted to the warning
coloration of a venomous snake will
attack a non-venomous mimic snake
less frequently than predators in areas
where the venomous snake is not
present. |
|
|
Term
Polar ice-caps andthe presence of water
vapor have prompted scientists to continue
to search for signs of life on ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All the living organisms present in a given
area are referred to as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In class we discussed a drug whose
enantiomer is capable of causing severe
birth defects. That drug is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the difference between covalent
bonds and ionic bonds? |
|
Definition
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of
electrons between atoms; ionic bonds
involve the transfer of electrons
between atoms. |
|
|
Term
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to
two different domains. What are the
domains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements best
distinguishes hypotheses from theories in
science? |
|
Definition
Hypotheses usually are relatively
narrow in scope; theories have broad
explanatory power. |
|
|
Term
Carbon is very versatile element when it
comes to bonding with other atoms. This
versatility is mostly because of its valence,
which is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the classes of molecules listed below,
which contains none that are considered
macromolecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anoles (a type of lizard) can walk upside
down on glass, facilitated by millions of
tiny hairs on their toe pads. What type of
bonding is most likely associated with this
phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| van der Waals interactions |
|
|
Term
Buffers are substances that help resist shifts
in pH by |
|
Definition
both donating H+ to a solution when
bases are added, and accepting H+
when acids are added. |
|
|
Term
Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model of
the membrane proposed that |
|
Definition
membranes consist of protein
molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer
of phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor
molecules initially project to the outside of
the cell. Where do they end up after
endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| on the inside surface of the vesicle |
|
|
Term
If a DNA sample were composed of 20%
adenine, what would be the percentage of
cytosine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Besides the ability of some cancer cells to
overproliferate, what else could logically
result in a tumor? |
|
Definition
| lack of appropriate cell death |
|
|
Term
A gene's location on a chromosome is known
as a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following serve an important role
in determining or maintaining the structure
of plant cells. Which of the following are
distinct from the others in their
composition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of a species
that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? |
|
Definition
| Each cell has eight homologous pairs. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following best describes a
karyotype? |
|
Definition
a display of each of the chromosomes of
a single cell |
|
|
Term
In bdelloid rotifers, how does variation
occur without meiosis and fertilization? |
|
Definition
The rotifers have evolved a different
mechanism to exchange DNA |
|
|
Term
A cell with a predominance of free
ribosomes is most likely |
|
Definition
producing primarily cytoplasmic
proteins |
|
|
Term
Suppose a biologist can separate one of a
several pieces of chromatin from a
eukaryotic (animal) nucleus. It might consist
of which of the following? |
|
Definition
| two long strands of DNA plus proteins |
|
|
Term
What is the correct chromosomal condition
for one daughter nucleus at telophase of
mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma
membranes of some animals |
|
Definition
enables the membrane to stay fluid
more easily when cell temperature
drops by preventing tight packing of
phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
White blood cells engulf bacteria through
what process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are 20 different amino acids. What
makes one amino acid different from
another? |
|
Definition
different side chains (R groups)
attached to an |
|
|
Term
Which structure is common to plant and
animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic
cell except |
|
Definition
| an endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following triggers the cell's
passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You are working on a team that is designing
a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it
must enter the cytoplasm of specific target
cells. Which of the following would be a
factor that determines whether the molecule
selectively enters the target cells |
|
Definition
similarity of the drug molecule to other
molecules transported by the target
cells |
|
|
Term
Why do neurons and some other specialized
cells divide infrequently |
|
Definition
| They have been shunted into G0. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are primarily
responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells but
not in animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most
similar in function to which of the following
structures in animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When we see chiasmata under a microscope,
that lets us know which of the following has
occurred? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most likely pathway taken by a
newly synthesized protein that will be
secreted by a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It was fortunate that Mendel chose pea
plants for his experiments because: |
|
Definition
A) many of peas' traits are governed by
only one gene (and two alleles)
B) peas are easy and fast-growing
C) peas are generally self-pollinating,
which helps to prevent accidental
cross-pollination when conducting
experiments
D) many of peas' traits have alleles that
show complete dominance
E) all of the above |
|
|
Term
Which level of protein structure do the a
helix and the b pleated sheet represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Independent assortment of chromosomes is
a result of |
|
Definition
the random and independent way in
which each pair of homologous
chromosomes lines up at the
metaphase plate during meiosis I. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not occur
during mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most probable hypothesis about
these intermediate forms of cell division? |
|
Definition
They show some of the evolutionary
steps toward complete mitosis, but not
all. |
|
|
Term
The sodium-potassium pump is called an
electrogenic pump because it |
|
Definition
| contributes to the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
What was the most significant conclusion
that Gregor Mendel drew from his
experiments with pea plants? |
|
Definition
Traits are inherited in discrete units,
and are not the results of "blending." |
|
|
Term
What is the term used for a protein molecule
that assists in the proper folding of other
proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plants obtain the bulk of their dry mass
from: |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide from the air |
|
|
Term
Cell membranes are asymmetrical. Which of
the following is the most likely explanation? |
|
Definition
The two sides of a cell membrane face
different environments and carry out
different functions. |
|
|
Term
Where do the microtubules of the spindle
originate during mitosis in both plant and
animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is correct? |
|
Definition
A character is determined by a gene, a
trait is determined by an allele. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a female of this species has one
chromosome 12 with a blue gene and
another chromosome 12 with an orange
gene, and has both number 19 chromosomes
with short genes, she will produce which of
the following egg types? |
|
Definition
one-half blue short and one-half
orange short gene eggs |
|
|
Term
Motor proteins provide for molecular
motion in cells by interacting with what
types of cellular structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The centromere is a region in which |
|
Definition
chromatids remain attached to one
another until anaphase |
|
|
Term
Why did Mendel continue some of his
experiments to the F2 or F3 generation? |
|
Definition
to observe whether or not a recessive
trait would reappear |
|
|
Term
Based on the figure above, which of these
experimental treatments would increase the
rate of sucrose transport into the cell? |
|
Definition
| decreasing extracellular pH |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that |
|
Definition
sister chromatids separate during
anaphase |
|
|
Term
Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic
pea cross always look like one of the two
parental varieties? |
|
Definition
Each allele affected phenotypic
expression. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is correct
about diffusion? |
|
Definition
It is a passive process in which
molecules move from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration. |
|
|
Term
The liver is involved in detoxification of
many poisons and drugs. Which of the
following structures is primarily involved in
this process and therefore abundant in liver
cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely
involved |
|
Definition
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium
in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont
evolved into mitochondria |
|
|
Term
Which of the following descriptions best fits
the class of molecules known as nucleotides |
|
Definition
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group,
and a pentose sugar |
|
|
Term
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell
membrane most easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following happens at the
conclusion of meiosis I? |
|
Definition
Homologous chromosomes are
separated. |
|
|
Term
How is natural selection related to sexual
reproduction as opposed to asexual
reproduction? |
|
Definition
Sexual reproduction results in many
new gene combinations, some of which
will lead to differential reproduction. |
|
|
Term
One of the primary functions of RNA
molecules is to |
|
Definition
| function in the synthesis of proteins |
|
|
Term
| In a plant cell, DNA may be found |
|
Definition
in the nucleus, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| A frameshift mutation could result from |
|
Definition
either an insertion or a deletion of a
base. |
|
|
Term
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a single allele,
and the disease affects the lungs, the
pancreas, the digestive system, and other
organs, resulting in symptoms ranging
from breathing difficulties to recurrent
infections. Which of the following terms
best describes this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Y chromosome in humans: |
|
Definition
contains genes that are responsible for
the development of male
characteristics |
|
|
Term
The enzyme found in embryonic stem cells
and cancer cells and that renders them
immortal is : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do we mean when we use the terms
monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? |
|
Definition
A dihybrid cross involves organisms
that are heterozygous for two
characters and a monohybrid cross
involves only one. |
|
|
Term
A particular triplet of bases in the coding
sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon
on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon
is: (read carefully!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term "central dogma" was coined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With respect to genetic control of traits |
|
Definition
A, B, and C are all correctMost traits are contolled by multiple
alleles at each locus
B) Most genes cause multiple phenotypic
effects
C) Most traits are controlled by multiple
genes at different loci |
|
|
Term
In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped
around |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides
in a sample of DNA from an organism.
Approximately what percentage of the
nucleotides in this sample will be thymine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is due to the presence or absence of
particular snRNPs |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not true of a
codon |
|
Definition
It extends from one end of a tRNA
molecule |
|
|
Term
The evolutionary significance of the
sickle-cell allele is that, in the heterozygous
form, it provides resistance to malaria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The_______________ states that allele pairs
separate from one another into gametes at
meiosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not true of RNA
processing? |
|
Definition
Exons are removed from the transcript
before mRNA leaves the nucleus |
|
|
Term
Which of the following help(s) to hold the
DNA strands apart while they are being
replicated? |
|
Definition
| single-strand binding proteins |
|
|
Term
What is the reason that linked genes are
inherited together? |
|
Definition
They are located on the same
chromosome, and often close together |
|
|
Term
A sexually reproducing animal has two
unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and
one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt.
Which of the following genotypes is
possible in a normal gamete from this
organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the role of DNA ligase in the
elongation of the lagging strand during
DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| It joins Okazaki fragments together. |
|
|
Term
20) A transfer RNA (#1), with the amino acid
lysine attached, enters the ribosome. The
growing polypeptide on the other tRNA
(#2), in the ribosome already, then binds to
the lysine on RNA#1.
Where does tRNA #2 move to after its
polypeptide chain binds to the lysine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his
red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other,
the F2 generation included both red- and
white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the
white-eyed flies were male. What was the
explanation for this result? |
|
Definition
The gene for eye color is on the X
chromosome. |
|
|
Term
What is meant by the description
"antiparallel" regarding the strands that
make up DNA? |
|
Definition
The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs
counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the
other strand. |
|
|
Term
The chemical bonds between the sugars
and phosphates of the DNA backbone, and
the bonds between the nitrogenous bases of
the two helices are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of DNA polymerase
III? |
|
Definition
to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a
growing DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of topoisomerase? |
|
Definition
relieving strain in the DNA ahead of
the replication fork |
|
|
Term
The leading and the lagging strands differ
in that |
|
Definition
the leading strand is synthesized
continuously, whereas the lagging
strand is synthesized in short
fragments that are ultimately stitched
together. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a function of a
signal peptide? |
|
Definition
to bind to an SRP and translocate
polypeptides across the ER membrane |
|
|
Term
Which of the following investigators
was/were responsible for the following
discovery?
In DNA from any species, the amount of
adenine equals the amount of thymine, and
the amount of guanine equals the amount
of cytosine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a cell were unable to produce histone
proteins, which of the following would be a
likely effect? |
|
Definition
The cell's DNA couldn't be coiled and
packed into its nucleus. |
|
|
Term
Replication in prokaryotes differs from
replication in eukaryotes for which of the
following reasons? |
|
Definition
Prokaryotic chromosomes have a
single origin of replication, whereas
eukaryotic chromosomes have many |
|
|
Term
| The following are pyrimidines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A transcription unit that is 8,000
nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides
to make a protein consisting of
approximately 400 amino acids. This is best
explained by the fact that |
|
Definition
many noncoding stretches of
nucleotides are present in eukaryotic
genes. |
|
|
Term
In analyzing the number of different bases
in a DNA sample, which result would be
consistent with the base-pairing rules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following mutations would be
most likely to have a harmful effect on an
organism? |
|
Definition
a single nucleotide insertion
downstream of, and close to, the start
of the coding sequence |
|
|
Term
Both the DNA daughter strand in
replication, and the mRNA in transcription,
are made from 5' to 3'. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the release factor |
|
Definition
It binds to the stop codon in the A site
in place of a tRNA. |
|
|
Term
| Either 2n + 1, or 2n - 1 describes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-inactivation in female mammals |
|
Definition
effectively "turns off" one X
chromosome per cell to keep gene
products in balance |
|
|
Term
A transfer RNA (#1), with the amino acid
lysine attached, enters the ribosome. The
growing polypeptide on the other tRNA
(#2), in the ribosome already, then binds to
the lysine on RNA#1.
Which component of the complex described
enters the exit tunnel through the large
subunit of the ribosome? |
|
Definition
| tRNA with attached lysine (#1) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of
polygenic inheritance (as discussed in
lecture)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A deletion near the tip on the short arm of
chromosome 5 causes mental retardation,
microencephaly, and strange cries in
infants. This syndrome is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One form of hemophilia is a sex-linked
(X-linked) recessive disorder. You are a
genetic counselor for a couple. The young
woman's mother is a hemophiliac of this
type, but she is not. The young man has no
history of this form hemophilia in his
family. What is the probability that their
sons will be hemophiliacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This picture represents a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Patau, Edwards, and Klinefelter syndromes
are all examples of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following molecules bind to
DNA polymerase III and stabilize it in the
replication process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You catch a record salmon in a fishing
tournament. The salmon is found to have a
chromosomal abnormality. Which of the
following is most likely: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The scientist responsible for producing the
x-ray crystallographic image that lead to
the understanding of the structure of DNA
was" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Watson and Crick's semiconservative
model of DNA replication showed that: |
|
Definition
Original DNA strands separate and act
as templates for daughter strands, and
the two double helices that result
contain one original strand and one
daughter strand each |
|
|
Term
Initiation of transcription in eukaryotes
requires which of the following in addition
to RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
| several transcription factors (TFs) |
|
|
Term
Sex ratio in the offspring of crocodiles and
turtles depends upon: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why might a point mutation in DNA make
a difference in the level of protein's
activity? |
|
Definition
It might exchange one stop codon for
another stop codon |
|
|
Term
Which component is not directly involved
in translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mendel's law of independent assortment
does not hold true IF: |
|
Definition
genes of interest are located on the
same (homologous) chromosomes |
|
|
Term
In lab, some of you saw that leeches actively
moved away from a cold source (beaker of
ice placed in a larger tank containing the
leeches). this specific type of movement is
known as _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus
experiences a cost for maintaining one or
more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what
should happen in environments from which
antibiotics are missing? |
|
Definition
These bacteria should be outcompeted
and replaced by bacteria that have lost
these genes |
|
|
Term
Natural selection is based on all of the
following except |
|
Definition
individuals adapt to their
environments and, thereby, evolve |
|
|
Term
Animal communication involves what type
of sensory information |
|
Definition
| visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile |
|
|
Term
Which statement about the beak size of
finches on the island of Daphne Major
during prolonged drought is true |
|
Definition
Each bird's survival was strongly
influenced by the depth and strength of
its beak as the drought persisted |
|
|
Term
Two species of frogs belonging to the same
genus occasionally mate, but the offspring
fail to develop and hatch. What is the
mechanism keeping the two frog species
separate? |
|
Definition
the postzygotic barrier called hybrid
inviability |
|
|
Term
Of the following anatomical structures,
which is homologous to the bones in the
wing of a bird? |
|
Definition
| bones in the flipper of a whale |
|
|
Term
In the parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria
parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes
20% of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Among known plant species, which of these
have been the two most commonly occurring
phenomena that have led to the origin of
new species?allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
3. sexual selection
4. polyploidy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Every morning at the same time, John went
into the den to feed his new tropical fish.
After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish
swam to the top of the tank when he entered
the room. This is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following groups would be
most likely to exhibit uniform distribution? |
|
Definition
red squirrels, who actively defend
territories |
|
|
Term
| Sympatric speciation specifically excludes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Crows and ravens have been observed
fashioning tools (even deliberately bending
a loop into a wire) to grasp and retrieve
objects that are out of their reach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Over time, the movement of people on Earth
has steadily increased. This has altered the
course of human evolution by increasing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A type of learning that can occur only
during a brief period of early life and results
in a behavior that is difficult to modify
through later experiences is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Niko Tinbergen performed some elegant
experiments with digger wasps; he
constructed a circle of pine cones around the
ground nest of the wasps, and later moved
the circle while they were off foraging. The
wasps still attempted to find their nest
within the circle, even though it had been
moved away from the nest opening. This
experiment illustrated that the wasps
memorize the location of their nests via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Feathers in birds appear to have first
evolved for insulation but later conveyed a
new advantage in helping create light
aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in
function is an example of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A cage containing male mosquitoes has a
small earphone placed on top, through
which the sound of a female mosquito is
played. All the males immediately fly to the
earphone and go through all of the steps of
copulation. What is the best explanation for
this behavior? |
|
Definition
Copulation is a fixed action pattern,
and the female flight sound is a sign
stimulus that initiates it. |
|
|
Term
What did Darwin find in South America that
suggested that the Andes mountains were
gradually lifted up over millions of years? |
|
Definition
marine fossils high up in the Andes
mountains |
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes allopatric
speciation? |
|
Definition
A population of squirrels is separated
by the Grand Canyon. Through time
the two subpopulations evolve into two
distinct species. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following sets of measurements
is the most useful (and hence, the most often
used) when studying populations? |
|
Definition
density, dispersion, and demographics
of a population |
|
|
Term
Scientists have tried raising endangered
whooping cranes in captivity by using
sandhill cranes as foster parents. This
strategy is no longer used because |
|
Definition
none of the fostered whooping cranes
formed a mating pair-bond with
another whooping crane, because they
had imprinted on sandhill cranes. |
|
|
Term
If two modern organisms are distantly
related in an evolutionary sense, then one
should expect that |
|
Definition
they should share fewer homologous
structures than two more closely
related organisms. |
|
|
Term
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler
and Audubon's warbler as distinct species.
Recently, these birds have been classified as
eastern and western forms of a single
species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which
of the following pieces of evidence, if true,
would be cause for this reclassification? |
|
Definition
The two forms interbreed often in
nature, and their offspring have good
survival and reproduction |
|
|
Term
In the territorial behavior of the stickleback
fish, the red belly of one male that elicits
attack from another male is functioning as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following would be an example
of paedomorphosis |
|
Definition
tadpoles not metamorphosing and
evolving the ability to reproduce |
|
|
Term
Punctuated equilibrium and gradualism are
mutually exclusive (meaning they can't both
be true) hypotheses regarding the tempo of
speciation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microevolution can be defined as a change
in _______. |
|
Definition
the allele frequency within a
population over time. |
|
|
Term
Over evolutionary time, many
cave-dwelling organisms have lost their
eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive
systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs.
How can natural selection account for these
losses? |
|
Definition
Under particular circumstances that
persisted for long periods, each of these
structures presented greater costs than
benefits. |
|
|
Term
Males of different species of the fruit fly
Drosophila that live in the same parts of the
Hawaiian Islands have very different
elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals
involve fighting other males and making
stylized movements that attract females.
What type of reproductive isolation does
this represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements best
summarizes evolution as it is viewed today |
|
Definition
It is the differential survival and
reproduction of the most-fit
phenotypes |
|
|
Term
Naked mole rats are nearly blind, hairless
rodents who live their entire lives in dark
underground tunnels. A female gives birth
to a litter, one of which has remarkably good
vision. This is a great example of an
adaptation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Upon returning to its hive, a European
honeybee communicates to other worker
bees the location of a nearby food source it
has discovered by |
|
Definition
| performing a round dance. |
|
|
Term
The biological species concept cannot be
applied to ______. |
|
Definition
| bacteria that only reproduce asexually |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements best
describes theories |
|
Definition
They are supported by, and make sense
of, many observations |
|
|
Term
Although each of the following has a better
chance of influencing gene frequencies in
small populations than in large populations,
which one most consistently requires a small
population as a precondition for its
occurrence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a field trip, an instructor touched a
moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth
raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots
on its hind wings. The instructor asked why
the moth lifted its wings. One student
answered that sensory receptors had fired
and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating
in the contraction of certain muscles. A
second student responded that the behavior
might frighten predators. Which statement
best describes these explanations? |
|
Definition
The first explanation refers to
proximate causation, whereas the
second refers to ultimate causation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following choices would most
likely promote random distribution |
|
Definition
homogeneous chemical and physical
factors in the environment |
|
|
Term
Listed below are several examples of types of animal
behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to
each example in the following two questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
39) Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a
maze without mistakes to receive a food
reward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Listed below are several examples of types of animal
behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to
each example in the following two questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
A human baby performs a sucking behavior
perfectly when it is put in the presence of the
nipple of its mother's breast or a bottle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sparrows with average-sized wings survive
severe storms far better than those with
longer or shorter wings, illustrating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A chemical produced by an animal that
serves as a communication to another
animal of the same species is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest unit of evolution is the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You are confronted with a box of preserved
grasshoppers of various species that are new
to science and have not been described. Your
assignment is to separate them into species.
There is no accompanying information as to
where or when they were collected. Which
species concept will you have to use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is most likely to
produce an African butterfly species in the
wild whose members have one of two
strikingly different color patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A proficient engineer can easily design
skeletal structures that are more functional
than those currently found in the forelimbs
of such diverse mammals as horses, whales,
and bats. The actual forelimbs of these
mammals do not seem to be optimally
arranged because |
|
Definition
natural selection is generally limited to
modifying structures that were present
in previous generations and in previous
species. |
|
|
Term
The point of evolution is to move species
toward increased complexity and efficient
functioning in their environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the punctuated equilibrium
model, |
|
Definition
most new species accumulate their
unique features relatively rapidly as
they come into existence, then change
little for the rest of their duration as a
species. |
|
|
Term
DNA sequences in many human genes are
very similar to the sequences of
corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The
most likely explanation for this result is that |
|
Definition
humans and chimpanzees share a
relatively recent common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
How many of these statements regarding
populations are true?
1. Mature males and females of a
population can interbreed with each other.
2. Populations are sometimes
geographically isolated from other
populations.
3. Biological species are made up of
populations.
4. Members of a population tend to be
genetically more similar to each other than
to members of other populations.
5. Populations have genomes, but not gene
pools. |
|
Definition
| Four of these statements are true |
|
|
Term
Which of the following pieces of evidence
most strongly supports the common origin
of all life on Earth |
|
Definition
All organisms use essentially the same
genetic code |
|
|
Term
In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female
space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an
uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy.
The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for
generations. All ten of the original colonists had free
earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The
allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for
attached earlobes.
52) If four of the original colonists died before
they produced offspring, the ratios of
genotypes could be quite different in the
subsequent generations. This would be an
example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Your family is taking a long driving vacation
across the midwestern and western United
States. As you travel, you notice that the
flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and
the Rocky Mountains are very different. As
you ponder why, you remember that such
differences in the distribution of species are
part of the field of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
