Term
|
Definition
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ-systems
• Organism
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
• Highly organized
–Atom
–Molecules–Nucleic acids
•DNA –deoxyribonucleic acid
•RNA –ribonucleic acid |
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Term
Smallest structure capable of performing
all characteristics of life |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
depend on energy
stored in tissues of producers |
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Term
|
Definition
break down
remains and wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| A standard for comparison |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
–A standard for comparison
Series of steps designed to test an
observation |
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Term
|
Definition
• A hypothesis that has been tested many times
• Supported over time
• Explains a broad range of scientific facts with high degree of reliability
• May be modified over time as new and better information emerges |
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Term
| Four theories unify biology |
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Definition
–Cell theory: organization of life
–Gene theory: molecular basis of inheritance
–Theory of heredity: Unity of life
–Theory of evolution: Diversity of life |
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Term
|
Definition
• Archaea
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plant
• Animal |
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Term
|
Definition
• Kingdom –Animalia
• Phylum –Chordata
• Class –Mammalia
• Order –Primates
• Family –Hominidae
• Genus –Homo
• Species –sapiens
• Scientific names
–Genus and species |
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Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotic cells –‘before’ nucleus
–No membrane bound organelles
–DNA is NOT enclosed in nucleus
–Archaebacteria and Eubacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
• Eukaryotic cells –‘true’ nucleus
–Membrane bound organelles
–Plants, Animals, Protistans, Fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
Function
–Outer defining limit of cell
–Outer defining limit of organelles
–Regulates movement into and out of cell
• Regions
–Intracellular
–Extracellular |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cytosol
–Mostly water
–Contains soluble components
• Organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
• Functions
–Separates DNA from rest of cytoplasm
–Place for DNA to be copied
• Structure
–Nuclear membrane –pores
–Nucleolus
–Chromatin |
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Term
|
Definition
• In animal cells, continuous with nuclear
membrane
• Extends throughout cytoplasm
• Two regions -rough and smooth |
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Term
|
Definition
• Ribosomeson surface
• Cells that specialize in secreting
proteins have lots of rough ER |
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Term
|
Definition
• Structure
–Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
–Free in cytoplasm = polysomes
–Composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA
• Function
–Production of proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
• Continuous with rER
• No ribosomes on surface
• Functions
–Lipids –steroids produced in sER
–Smooth ER of liver inactivates
wastes, drugs
–Sarcoplasmicreticulum of muscle is
a specialized form –stores calcium
–Transport from rER to Golgi bodies• |
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Term
|
Definition
• Structure
- Stacked Pancakes
• Functions
–Processes proteins and lipids that arrive from ER
–Package finished material for shipment
• Material arrives and leaves in vesicles
–Vesicles = Membranous sacs that move through the
cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
• Structure
- Stacked Pancakes
• Functions
–Processes proteins and lipids that arrive from ER
–Package finished material for shipment
• Material arrives and leaves in vesicles
–Vesicles = Membranous sacs that move through the
cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
–Contain enzymes
–Functions
•Digestion of whole cells or cell parts |
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Term
|
Definition
–Contain enzymes
–Functions
•Detoxify substances
•Disarm free radicals |
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Term
|
Definition
Structure –double membrane system
–Membranes form two distinct compartments
• Function
–Forms ATP through aerobic respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
• Present in all eukaryotic cells
• Functions
–Basis for cell shape and
internal organization
–Allows organelle movement
within cells
–Plays role in cell motility |
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Term
|
Definition
• Formation of mitotic spindles
• Formation of cilia and flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Every organism is composed of one or
more cells
2) Cell is smallest unit having properties of
life
3) All cells arise from pre existing cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Mitochondria resemble bacteria
–Have own DNA
–Ribosomes
–Divide on their own
• Possibly evolved from ancient bacteria that were
engulfed but not digested |
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Term
|
Definition
• Tight junctions
• Adhering junctions
• Gap junctions |
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Term
|
Definition
-Convert sunlight energy to sugar through
photosynthesis
-Contains pigment chlorophyll |
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Term
|
Definition
• Fluid-filled organelle
• Stores variety of molecules
• Fluid pressure forces cell wall to expand
as cell grows
• In mature cell, central vacuole takes up
50-90 percent of cell interior |
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Term
|
Definition
–No chlorophyll
–Abundance of carotenoids
–Color fruits and flowers red-to-yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
–No pigments
–Store starch |
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Term
|
Definition
• Surrounds the plasma membrane
–cellulose
• Occurs in plants, some fungi,
some protistans |
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Term
|
Definition
Cell secretions
accumulate at plant
cell surface
• Restricts water loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capacity to do work or put matter into motion |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Energy directly utilized by the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Energy indirectly utilized by body |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Speeds up chemical reactions
-Proteins
-Made By Ribosomes
-Work by decreasing energy of activation |
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Term
|
Definition
Characteristics
-Specific-
Substrate + enzyme -> ES -> product + enzyme |
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Term
| Functioning of enzymes affected by |
|
Definition
-pH
-Temperature
-Oxidizing substances |
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Term
| Equation for Aerobic Respiration |
|
Definition
C6H1206 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Glucose + Oxygen ---->CarbonDioxide + Water + Energy
Definition:
Cellular process by which energy released from nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
-Cell’s Energy Currency
Utilized for:
-Chemical biosynthesis
-Muscle contraction
-Nerve impulse
-Active transport |
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Term
|
Definition
-Does not require oxygen
-Starts with glycolysis in cytoplasm
-Completed in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
-Requires oxygen
-Starts with glycolysis in cytoplasm
-Completed in mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
Starts with Glycolysis
-Glycol=Sugar -ysis=Breakdown |
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Term
|
Definition
-occurs in cytoplasm
-Requires ATP to begin
Results in:
4 ATP (2 net)
NADH (electrons and hydrogen carriers)
2 pyruvate molecules
-Reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
Glucose ---> 2 Pyruvate
(six carbons) (three carbons) |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxidative Respiration
-Pyruvate forms acetyl CoA
*NADH (electrons and hydrogen carriers)
*Carbon dioxide lost |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*Kreb’s cycle
-Acetyl CoA enters
*Binds with beginning molecule
-Releases 2 carbon dioxide molecules
-Hydrogen and electrons picked up by
*NAD -> NADH
*FAD -> FADH2
-ATP formed |
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|
Term
| Electron transport system |
|
Definition
-NADH and FADH2 utilized
-Electrons pass through series of carriers = cytochromes
-Hydrogen moved across membrane into compartment
-ATP synthases (enzymes) produce ATP as hydrogen flows back through membrane
-O2 picks up hydrogen and electrons -> H2O |
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Term
|
Definition
*Anaerobic
*Lactate fermentation
*Occurs in
-Muscles
-Bacteria
*Lactobacillus
*Streptococcus lactis |
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Term
|
Definition
-Carbon dioxide and ethanol produced
-Occurs in:
*Beer and wine production – Saccharomyces ellipsoideus
*Bread making – Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATP -Utilized Immediatly (ATP Synthase) |
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Term
|
Definition
Creatine Phosphate (storage)
-Transfers energy to ADP -> ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
Glycolytic Energy System.
(Non-Aerobic) Makes small amount. |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxidative Energy System
-Long Distance Running. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 12H2O + 6CO2 ---Light Energy---> 6O2 + C2H12O6 + 6H2O |
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Term
|
Definition
-Definition
Photo = light
Syn = together
Thesis = to place
-Synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O in presence of chlorophyll using light energy
-Autotrophic organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
*Double membrane structure
*Thylakoids
-Location of chlorophyll |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Determined by reflection and absorption of light
Apple – red cause reflects red
Panther – absorbs all wavelengths = black |
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Term
|
Definition
Varies from short – gamma rays
Long – radio waves |
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|
Term
| Light dependent pathway Step 1 |
|
Definition
-Light strikes chlorophyll in two photosystems simultaneously
-Stimulates electrons to move to higher energy level
*Water splits
-Oxygen given off as gas
-Electrons picked up by chlorophyll |
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|
Term
| Light Dependent Pathway Step 2 |
|
Definition
-Electrons transferred along chlorophyll
*ATP – formed through ATP synthase |
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|
Term
| Light Dependent Pathway Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen and electrons picked up by NADP |
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|
Term
| Light Independent Pathway |
|
Definition
Calvin Benson cycle
Formation of carbohydrates
Steps
-CO2 fixed – attached to a carrier compound
-Carrier compound – RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)
-ATP – donates energy
-H added from NADPH
-Cycle turns 6 times one glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
| Light Independent Pathway Form? |
|
Definition
-Sucrose
-Starch
-Cellulose |
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|
Term
Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
Organelles? |
|
Definition
P: Chloroplasts
R: Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
Requirements? |
|
Definition
P: Light, H2O, Co2
R: Sugar, Oxygen, Lipids, Proteins |
|
|
Term
Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
What is produced? |
|
Definition
P: Oxygen, Sugar
R: ATP, CO2, Water |
|
|
Term
Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
Types of Organisms? |
|
Definition
P: Plants, Some Bacteria, Protestia.
R: Animals, Bacteria, Fungus, Plants, Protestia. |
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|
Term
Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration
Time of Day/Night? |
|
Definition
P: Day (Sunlight)
R: Anytime, 24/7 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA Spread out in nucleus. (Like Spaghetti) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (2n) n=# of chromosomes in gamete (sex cell) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- Growth
- Cell Replacement
- Repair tissue
- asexual reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
3 Stages
Not undergoing cytoplasm division
usually longest part of cycle
cell increases in mass
number of cytoplasmic components doubles
DNA duplicated |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
Two daughter nuclei
Each with same chromosome number as parent cell
Chromosomes in unduplicated form |
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Term
|
Definition
Division of the cytoplasm
Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
Furrowing
-Cytoskeleton pulls cell membrane inward |
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Term
|
Definition
Identical in size, shape and gene sequence.
Receive one from each parent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces genetic variation among offspring. |
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Term
|
Definition
Two consecutive nuclear divisions
-Meiosis I
-Meiosis II |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Synapsis occurs – attracting and pairing of homologous chromosomes
-Crossing over occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
*Synapsis occurs
*Forms tetrad
-All four chromatids are closely aligned
* Non-sister chromatids exchange segments |
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Term
|
Definition
-Four chromosomes each with unique genetics
- Two like each parent
-Two with genetic information form each parent |
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Term
|
Definition
-Chromosomes align along equator
-Random distribution of chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
-Homologous chromosomes segregate from each other
-The sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached |
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Term
|
Definition
-Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
-Cytokinesis occurs
-Nuclear membrane reforms
-Spindle fibers disappear
-Results in two daughter cells
-Meiosis I completed |
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Term
|
Definition
-Chromosomes shorten and become visible
-Nuclear membrane disappears
-Spindle fibers reform and attach to chromosomes
-Nucleolus disappears |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes line up at equator |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Sister chromatids separate
-Move towards opposite poles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell
Spindle fibers disappears
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nucleolus reforms
Cytokinesis occurs
Results in
-4 unique daughter cells
-Haploid number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Formation of Sperm
-Occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testis
-Starts during puberty
-Ends in death
-Forms 4 sperm after each completion of meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Begins before birth
-Stops until puberty-Then it resumes
-Stops in Prophase 1
-Continues until menopause
-Meiosis 1 is completed during ovulation
-Meiosis 2 is completed during fertilization
-No need to complete M2 if not fertilized
-Forms 1 egg and 3 polar bodies. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Male and female gametes join and nuclei fuse
-Joining produces diploid nucleus in the zygote
*Fertilized egg
-Uniting of two gametes is random
-Adds to variation among offspring |
|
|
Term
Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
(Functions) |
|
Definition
Mitosis:
-Asexual reproduction
-Growth, repair
Meiosis:
-Sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
(Occurs In) |
|
Definition
Mitosis: Somatic Cells
Meiosis: Germ Cells (Sex Cells) |
|
|
Term
Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
(Produces) |
|
Definition
Mitosis: Clones
Meiosis: variable offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
Father of genetics
Combined math and science
Greatest contribution – inherited characteristics carried as distinct units |
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Term
|
Definition
| having two identical alleles at a locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two different alleles at a locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressed in both heterozygous and homozygous |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| masked by dominant allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Different molecular forms of a gene
-Arise by mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genotype refers to particular genes an individual carries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crosses involving one trait
Traits on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Mendel’s Theory
of Segregation |
|
Definition
Alleles segregate (separate) from each other during meiosis
An individual inherits an allele from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Crosses involving two traits
-Traits on two different sets of homologous chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Dependent on random assortment of homologous pairs during metaphase I
-Inheritance of gene pairs assort into gametes independently of other gene pairs located on non homologous chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Heterozygote phenotype is somewhere between that of two homozyotes
-Snap dragons
-Curly haired vs straight hair
-Sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both genes expressed in heterozygous state equally
Example – ABO blood grouping
Two alleles (A and B) are codominant when paired
Third allele (o) is recessive to A and B |
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Term
|
Definition
-Many inherited traits controlled by combined effects of numerous genes
-Continuous range of differences
-Greater the number of genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous the variation.
Tends towards a bell shaped curve
Examples:
Skin color
Hair color
Eye color
Height
Body build
Intelligence
Feet width |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits
Example: sickle-cell anemia
Caused by a mutant allele |
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Term
|
Definition
| One gene affects expression of entirely different gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One gene affects expression of entirely different gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chromosomes same in both male and female
Identical in length, size, shape, and gene sequence |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex chromosomes are non-identical but still homologous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Characteristic of heritable trait that occurs on the X chromosome
Examples:
-Color blindness
Inability to distinguish among some of all colors
-Hemophilia
Blood-clotting disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fewer than two dozen genes identified
Has gene for male sex determination
SRY gene (Sex-determining region of Y) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appear in one sex but rarely in other
Genes turned on and off by hormones
Examples:
-Male pattern baldness
-Index finger length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shows genetic connections among individuals
Can be used for
Autosomal dominant/recessive traits
Sex or X linked traits |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal
Dominant Inheritance |
|
Definition
| Trait typically appears in every generation |
|
|
Term
| Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Patterns |
|
Definition
| If parents are both heterozygous, child will have a 25% chance of being affected |
|
|
Term
| X-Linked Recessive Inheritance |
|
Definition
-Males show disorder more than females
-Son cannot inherit disorder from his father |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phosphate group
Pentose (5 carbon) sugar – deoxyribose
Nitrogen containing bases
-Adenine (A)
-Thymine (T)
-Guanine (G)
-Cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two strands twisted together
Rungs – nitrogen containing bases
Held together by hydrogen bonds
Sides – alternating sugar and phosphate groups
Bases attached to sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Store information to control
-Development
-Metabolic activities of cell
Replicate with accuracy
Transmitted from generation to generation
Undergo rare mutations
Gene – redefined
-Section of DNA that determines sequence of amino acids in protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA strand acts as template
Two strands unwind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new strand
-Nucleotides come in – combine with existing nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides
DNA ligase joins groups of nucleotides
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase repair mistakes
Results:
Two DNA molecules
-Every DNA molecule is half “old” and half “new” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single strand
-5 carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Bases
*Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Messenger RNA = mRNA
Transfer RNA = tRNA
Ribosomal RNA = rRNA |
|
|
Term
Protein Synthesis
Transcription |
|
Definition
-Occurs in the nucleus
-Small portion of DNA is template
-RNA polymerase catalyzes nucleotide addition
-Results in a single strand of mRNA |
|
|
Term
Protein Synthesis
Translation |
|
Definition
Start codon initiates beginning protein formation
Binds to rRNA
tRNA bring over amino acids
Enzyme action binds amino acids together
Stop codon halts process
Results in formation of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Base pair substitutions
-Insertions and deletions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mutation rate
-Ionizing radiation
-Nonionizing radiation
-Chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accessory rings of DNA
Found in bacteria
Replicate independently of bacterial chromosomes
Can move into bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single parent produces offspring
No fusion of sperm and egg – not produced
Offspring are genetically identical
Types:
Budding
Example - Hydra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Planaria
Euglena
(Asexual Type?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Asexual Reproduction |
|
Definition
No Need for Mate
Faster
Less Energy
Offspring fully formed |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction |
|
Definition
Overpopulation
If conditions of environment change, unable to evolve
No genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Haploid eggs develop into adults without fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One individual has both testes and ovaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meiosis produces egg and sperm, (gametes)
Fertilization – joining of sperm and egg
Forms zygote
Offspring show genetic variation
-Meiosis I – crossing over and random assortment |
|
|
Term
| Advantages to Sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| Increased genetic variability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in many water dwelling species
Egg and sperm deposited directly in water
Little or no contact between mating adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deposit of sperm directly into female
Protects eggs from excessive heat and drying
Sperm concentrated and protected in female
Internal chemical signals = hormones and behavioral cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Embryo develops inside the body of the mother
The Mother gives live birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mammal that lays large yolky eggs and has a common opening for the urogenital and digestive systems.
Example;
the platypus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly.
Example:
Kangaroo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Live Birth.
Example:
Humans. |
|
|
Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
Reproductive organs
Ducts, glands, external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
Not directly involved in intercourse
Significant in reproductive behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce sperm through spermatogenesis
Meiosis produces haploid spermatids
Spermatids mature to become sperm
Transferring sperm to female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Head
-Acrosome – cap
-Chromosome
Midpiece – mitochondria
Tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulates Temp.
Protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules – production of sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects Epididymis to Urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces nutrients for sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Joining of Vas deferens
-Brings a Base (Biocarbonate) Into the highly acidic vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Releases fluid prior to ejaculation to grease urethra for sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretions from various glands and testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FSH – follicle stimulating hormone
LH – luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oogenesis – development of an egg
Girls – born with primary oocytes (eggs) in ovaries
Each oocyte has entered meiosis I and stopped
Meiosis resumes
Continues from puberty until menopause
Menopause = cessation of menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| the narrow necklike passage forming the lower end of the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Physiology of female, Day 14 |
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Definition
-pituitary gland releases surge of LH (luteinizing hormone)
-Ovulation occurs
-Completes meiosis I
-LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum on ovary
-Continues to release estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| Maintain lining of uterus |
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Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by low levels of estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
Releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Stimulates development of follicle on ovary |
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Term
Comparison of male/female
(Urinary and reproductive systems) |
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Definition
M: Both exit urethra
F: Have Separate urinary and reproductive systems |
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Term
Comparison of male/female
(Produces hormones) |
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Definition
M:from puberty till death
F:from puberty till menopause |
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Term
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Definition
Fossil record
Comparative anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in sequence of a protein or nucleic acid between organisms of the same or different species. |
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Term
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Definition
homologous characters of organisms that have seemingly lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution.
Example:
Tailbone |
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Term
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Definition
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species |
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Term
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Definition
diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
Examples:
Finches Beaks |
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Term
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Definition
the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.
Example:
Wings of Birds & Bats |
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Term
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Definition
Phyletic gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis states that species continue to adapt to new environmental and biological selection pressures over the course of their history, gradually becoming new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
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Term
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Definition
Different allelic combinations
Gene mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural Selection |
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Term
| Different allelic combinations |
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Definition
Crossing Over
Random Assortment
Fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
DNA Base pair substitution
DNA Base Insertion |
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Term
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Definition
-Immigration (action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country)
-Emigration (leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another) |
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Term
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Definition
Change in allele freq. by chance alone.
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with traits better suited to the environment survive and pass on traits to their offspring |
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Term
| 3 Modes of Natural Selection |
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Definition
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection |
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Term
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Definition
Gradual (i.e Martha, the last passenger pigeon that died on sept 1, 1914)
Mass - (i.e The Dinosaurs) |
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Term
| Circulatory System Structure |
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Definition
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Term
| Circulatory System Function |
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Definition
Transport
-Oxygen
-Nutrients
-Hormones
-Carbon dioxide and wastes |
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Term
| Circulatory systems – two types |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood is free flowing at some point in the system |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood is always contained in heart, arteries, veins, capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two-chamber heart pumps blood through one circuit |
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Term
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Definition
-Heart pumps blood through two partially separate circuits
-Single ventricle receives blood from both atria |
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Term
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Definition
-Septum partially divides ventricles
(Decreased mixing of blood)
-4 chambers |
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Term
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Definition
Four-chamber heart
Blood through two entirely separate circuits
-Pulmonary
-Systemic |
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Term
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Definition
| take blood away from heart |
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Term
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Definition
| diameter adjusts to regulate blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion occurs across walls |
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Term
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Definition
-take blood to heart
-Valves in some veins prevent blood from flowing backwards |
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Term
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Definition
Highest in arteries, lowest in veins
Greatest pressure drop is in arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets |
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Term
|
Definition
Transports
-Oxygen and nutrients to cells
-Carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
Immunity
Blood clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
Functions
Return of fluid to circulatory system
Immunity
Tonsils
Lymph nodes |
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Term
| Types of Skeletal Systems |
|
Definition
Hydroskeleton
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons |
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Term
| Functions of Skeletal Systems |
|
Definition
Support
Protection
Attachment for muscles
Production of blood |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Characteristics of Protista |
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Definition
Most are single celled
Membrane bound nucleus with various organelles
Reproduction
Variety of habitats |
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Term
| Three main groupings (Protista) |
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Definition
Plant-like protista
Animal like protista
Fungi-like protista |
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Term
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Definition
Account for about 70% of photosynthetic activity on earth
Absorbs carbon dioxide/releases oxygen
Examples:
-Diatoms
-Dinoflagellates
-Euglena
-Red algae
-Brown algae
-Green algae |
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Term
|
Definition
Two phases
-Mobile feeding stage
-Reproductive stage – produces spores
Heterotrophs
Diseases
-Phytophythora infestans – water mold |
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Term
|
Definition
All unicellular
Heterotrophic
Free living, symbiotic or parasitic
Divisions based on modes of locomotion
-Cilia
-Flagella
-Pseudopods (amoeboid) |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat
-DNA or RNA
-RNA virus has reverse transcriptase
*-Produces DNA molecule from RNA precursor |
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Term
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Definition
| classification level higher than kingdoms |
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Term
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Definition
Attachment
Penetration
Replication and synthesis
Assembly
Release |
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Term
| Bacteria (Prokaryotic cells) Characteristics |
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Definition
Single celled
Lack membrane bound organelles
Have ribosomes
Cell wall – peptidoglycan
Nucleoid region
-Circular DNA
Reproduction – binary fission |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
an organism that uses organic carbon for growth.
Examples:
Animals, Fungus, Many Bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Example:
Plants |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense. |
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Term
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Definition
Small number – about 1%
Examples:
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Bacillus anthracis
-Clostridium botulinum
-Vibrio cholerae
-Yersina pestis |
|
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| Cause of most Tuberculosis |
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