ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS

• Contains the chromosomes (genetic information)
• Information storage and processing center
• Assembly of ribosomes begin
• Headquarter of factory

CYTOPLASM

• Portion of cell outside of nucleus
• Stock room of factory

NUCELAR ENVELOPE

• Made of two membranes
• Nuclear pores
• Consists of DNA bond to spread proteins
• Office walls of the headquarters of factory

RIBOSOMES

• Make proteins
• No membrane
• Worker in factory

ROUGH ER

• Synthesise proteins
• Covered by riboses, which proteins prodeuce, go to the rough ER to undergo folding
• The proteins go to the plama membrane, to the cell exterior
• Assembly line in a factory

GOLGI APPARATUS

• Made of flattened sacs called cisternae
• Distinct polarity
• Carry porteins and other products to and from the molecules
• Modify, sort or package proteins from the RER to be stored or secrated 

SMOOTH ER

• Has no ribosomes in its surface
• Synthesises lipids with enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids

LYSOSOMES

• Animal cells
• Digestive centers
• Recycling centers
• Bins in factorie
• Have ensymes and are acid

VACUOLES

• Single membrane
• Plants and fungi
• Recycling centers
• Large storage containers
• Found in plant cells making it possible to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers

MITOCHONDRIA

• Double membrane
• ATP production
• Warehouse of the factorie
• Gets energy from food and turns it into compuonds that are more usable by cells

CHLOROPLASTS

• Double membrane
• Production of ATP and sugars via photosynthesis
• Plant cells
• Warehouse of factory

CYTOSKELETON

• No membrane
• Structural support
• Moves the cell itself and materials within the cell 
• Protein fillaments
• MICROFILAMENTS   MICROTUBULES

CENTRIOLES

• Made up of tubulins
• Located near the nucleus
• Help to organize cell division

CELL WALL

• Present in prokariotes
• Outside cell membrane
• Porous enough to allow H20, 02 and CO2
• Provides support and protection

CELL MEMBRANE

• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Provides protection and support
• Double layered sheet: lipid bilayer
• Carbohydrate chain (Chemical ID - allows individual cells to identify one another)
• Protein channel

DIFFUSION

• Goal is to reach equilibrium 
• Substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cells to use energy

OSMOSIS

• Is the diffusion of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane
• Water can pass easily across the membrane

FACILITADED DIFFUSION

• Cell membrane have protein channels that make it easy for certain types of molecules to cross the membrane 

ACTIVE TRASNPORT

• Against a concentration difference
• Requires energy
• Carried out by proteins or "pumps" in the membranes (protein channels)
• Involves changes in the shape of the membrane

ENDOCYTOSIS (1.0)

• Taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane

ENDOCYTOSIS (1.1) PHAGOCYTOSIS

• Cell eating
• Cell creates an extension to engulf a big molecule
• This molecule (phagosome) is taken to the lysosomes for digestion

PINOCYTOSIS

• Brings fluids to the cell by small vesicles in the cell membrane. These fluids are not taken to the lysosome but used elsewhere in the cell.