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Definition
| changes in organisms over long periods of time; changes in population gene (allelic) frequency over time; Genetic make-up of a population changing over time |
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| a group of interbreeding organisms of a particular species that live in a specific geographic region and share a common gene pool; all of the individuals of a specific species who live in a given geographic region and interbreed |
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| All disjointed facts can be put together today in a framework called? |
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| No new species is descended from any other species; they simply evolved along? |
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| Two Conclusions of Darwin from Lyell |
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Definition
1. If change is slow and continuous, the age of the earth is greater than 6000 years
2. If the Earth's appearance has changed so dramatically, so have the organisms |
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| Jean Baptiste Lamarck's Two Mechanisms to Change |
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Definition
1. Use and disuse of body parts (giraffe lips and necks)
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
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Definition
| living species; around today |
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| geographic distribution; a restricted distribution of population geography-wise |
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| Darwin said evolution had four parts |
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Definition
1. variation in living things
2. Over production of progeny
3. Competition for resources
4. Natural Selection |
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| Environmental circumstances |
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Definition
| change genotypic frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| pressures are responsible for genotypic frequency |
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Definition
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Definition
| remnants of previous life forms |
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Term
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Definition
| fits and starts(bursts of activity, new into being) and stasis (inactive periods) |
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| Most morphological changes occur |
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Definition
| early in the existence of species |
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Term
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Definition
1. Biogeography
2. Comparative Anatomy; homologous;analogous;vestigial
3. Comparative Embryology
4. Comparative Biochemistry
5. Taxonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of living things on this earth |
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Term
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Definition
| common descent can be seen in anatomical similarities between species in similar areas; evidence for evolution |
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| Similar embryonic origin indicates? |
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Definition
| similar phylogenetic history |
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Term
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Definition
| similar descent; principle of homology |
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Definition
| same use but dissimilarity of origin |
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Definition
| closely related organisms will have similar stages of embryonic development; evidence for evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| similar DNA base sequences/amino acid sequences; evidence for evolution |
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Definition
| is inherent in all populations |
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Term
| __________do not evolve, __________ evolve |
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Definition
1. Individuals
2. Populations |
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Term
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Definition
| is established at conception |
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Definition
| a mathematical model that forms the cornerstone for population genetics; studying changes in alleles in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| all genes held in common by the members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| is not automatic; it will only occur when something disturbs genetic equilibrium |
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Term
| Under certain conditions of stability, both genetic and allelic frequencies |
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Definition
| remain the same from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations |
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Term
| 5 Conditions of Stability |
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Definition
1. Large population
2. No Mutation
3. No emigration of immigration
4. Random mating
5. Reproductive success must be totally random |
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Term
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Definition
| a standard against which we can measure the changing allelic frequencies that are always occurring in natural populations |
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Term
| 5 factors of microevolution |
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Definition
1. Genetic Drift
2. Gene flow
3. DNA mutation
4. Non-random Mating
5. Natural Selection; stabilizing;directional;disruptive/diversifying;sexual;environmental |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in gene or allelic frequencies in a small population because of chance factors |
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Term
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Definition
| if individuals are unselectively killed the survivors will not be genetically representative of population genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder population decides to leave larger population and migrates to a new environment |
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Term
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Definition
| as a population gains or loses alleles because of the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals into or out of that population. Dispersion of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| a random change in genetic material; |
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Term
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Definition
1. point mutation
2. Chromosomal mutation/aboration |
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Term
| Human genes have (mutations) |
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Definition
| 1 to 10 mutations/100000 gametes, but at different rates of mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not have major quantitative effects in the 1st generation |
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Term
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Definition
| critical to the evolutionary process-- they allow for variation in natural selection |
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Term
| Traits in a population that are most critical for survival |
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Definition
| are those that are the least variable and philogenetically related |
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Term
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Definition
| species in differenct parts of the world, but with similar characteristics; not philogenetically related. Are subjected to similar selection pressures in different parts of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| geopraphic variation from one area to another; variation occurs when there is a graded change in phenotype along a geographic line |
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Definition
| the investigation of rational (reasonable) concepts that are capable of being tested by observation and experimentation. Must be repeatable |
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Definition
| an educated guess; must have preliminary knowledge |
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Definition
| all results support the same generally accepted idea |
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Definition
| the rejection of hypotheses. |
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Definition
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| For every null hypothesis formed |
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Definition
| you must form at least two alternate hypotheses |
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Definition
| all results support the same generally accepted idea |
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Term
| information gathered should be |
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Definition
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| Never begin any research without |
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Definition
| statistical tests in mind to analyze that data |
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Term
| Statistics indicate to a researcher... |
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Definition
| the likelihood of the results of some investigation to be the product of chance |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of a population that differ from individual to individual |
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Term
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Definition
| association between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| mean (measure of central tendency) |
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Term
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Definition
| sigma; standard deviation; s |
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Definition
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Definition
| each individual has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| gather sample and infer something from that data |
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| Can use Parametric Tests if |
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Definition
1. independence of data points
2. Homeoscedasticity
3. Normal distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| mathematical approximation of some phenomenon |
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| 3 measurements for central tendency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| identifies categories into which numbers are cast; grouped by arbitrary names, numbers, symbols; naming scale |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates a rank order; rank using potential time/energy; does not indicate absolute quantities |
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Term
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Definition
| equal intervals; can add/subtract; temp; no fixed zero point |
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Term
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Definition
| has fixed zero point; can add/subtract/multiply/divide; allows for use of parametric tests |
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Term
| If your calculated statistic is greater than or equal to the critical value in the table at the 5% level with your respective degree of freedom |
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Definition
| you reject the null hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| rejection of a true null hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to reject a false null hypothesis |
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Term
| When you increase the % to 10 or more |
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Definition
| you increase the likelihood of making a Type 1 error |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease region affected by chance |
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Term
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Definition
| the quantification of chance |
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Term
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Definition
| in considering an experiment, if no two outcomes of an experiment can occur at the same time, the outcomes are said to be |
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Term
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Definition
| a determinant of heredity; a specific sequence of nitrogen base pairs on a DNA molecule that codes for a specific characterization |
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Term
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Definition
| an alternate form of some gene |
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