Term
| What are some potential premating isolating mechanisms? |
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Definition
- ecological isolation (habitat):losely related species live in the same area, but breed in different habitats
- temporal isolation: related species breed at different times of the day or year
- behavioral isolation (sexual): differences in courtship or mating selection
- mechanical isolation: morphological differences in genitalia prevent completion of mating
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Term
| What are some potential postmating isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
gametic mortality, in which sperm transfer takes place but the egg is not fertilized;
hybrid inviability, in which the offspring have reduced viability; and
hybrid sterility, in which the offspring are viable but sterile.
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Term
| Define paraphyletic and give a few examples |
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Definition
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its last common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.
ex: reptiles |
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Term
| Define monophyletic and give an example |
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Definition
a monophyletic group is a taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants
Ex: mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| A polyphyletic group consists of organisms but not their common ancestors. This is an artificial group which is based primarily on physical characteristics rather than on evolutionary relationships. An example is "flying vertebrates" which includes birds, pteranodons and bats. |
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Term
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Definition
Homologous features are held in common by a group due to shared ancenstry.
Analogous features are held in common due convergent evolution.
Ex: Wings of a bat and bird are analogous while the forearm bone of a whale and cat are homologous |
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Term
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Definition
Imply the relative order of divergences
of taxa, but provide no information
about the amount of change, or the
time-depth of various events
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Term
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Definition
The length of a branch in a phylogram reflects the number of
genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or
RNA sequence in that lineage
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Term
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Definition
The branching pattern is the same as in a phylogram, but all
the branches all end at the presence and the lengths of the
branches are proportional to time. Branch lengths on an
ultrameric tree represent an estimate of time
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Term
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Definition
| The most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| contends that much evolutionary change at the molecular level of genes and proteins are selectively neutral (no effect on fitness) and is driven by genetic drift rather than natural selection. |
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Term
| Where can prokaryotes live? |
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Definition
| Almost anywhere. Thermophiles live in high temperature places and halophiles live in high saltine levels |
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Term
| What were the old 5 kingdoms of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
1. Monera (includes bacteria and archaea)
2. Protista (mostly single celled eukaryotes)
3. Plantae - plants
4. Fungi
5. Animalia |
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Term
| Are prokaryotes unicellular? |
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Definition
| Mostly, although some species form colonies |
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Term
| What are the variety of shapes of prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
3 most common are:
1.spheres
2.rods
3. spirals |
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Term
| Movement/Behavior of Prokaryotic Cells |
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Definition
Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella
that rotates around base - moves in a circular motion.
In a heterogenous environment, many bacteria move towards or away from certain stimuli |
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Term
| Cell wall of prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
maintains cell shape, provides physical protection,
and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment |
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Term
| Describe prokaryotes lack of compartmentalization |
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Definition
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nucleus, membranebound
organelles, & cytoskeleton |
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Term
| Photoautotroph energy, carbon source, and types of organisms |
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Definition
energy source: light
carbon source: CO 2
types of organisms: photosynthetic prokaryotes (such as cyonobacteria and algae)
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Term
| Chemoautotroph energy source, carbon source, and types of organisms |
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Definition
energy source: inorganic chemicals
carbon source: CO 2
types of organisms: certain prokaryotes |
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Term
| Photoheterotroph energy source, carbon source |
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Definition
energy source: light
carbon source: organic compounds
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Term
| chemoheterotroph energy and carbon source |
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Definition
energy source: organic compounds
carbon source: organic compounds
Live in sulfurous hot springs in places like Yellowstone National
Park, use sulfur as energy source |
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Term
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Definition
- fissures in planet's surface
- rich in minerals
- no light
- depend entirely on chemoautotrophic archaea for primary production
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Term
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Definition
| organisms (especially of different species) living together but not necessarily in a relation beneficial to each other. Many prokaryotes have symbiotic relationships with other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
- Prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial impacts on humans
- Most diseases are spread by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins
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