Term
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Definition
| The study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time. |
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Definition
| The number of individuals per unit area or volume. |
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Definition
| Pattern of spacing among individuals |
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| Clumped dispersion results from... |
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Definition
| Clumped resource availability/social grouping |
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Term
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Definition
| One in which individuals are evenly distributed. Maybe be influenced by social interactions such as territoriality or local depletion of resources. |
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Definition
- One in which the position of each individual is independent of other individuals
- Resources in excess |
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Term
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Definition
- the study of the vital statistics of a population & how they change over time.
- Death rates and birth rates are particular interest to demographers |
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Definition
| the number of female offspring produced by each female in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| the average number of female offspring produced by a female in a given age class (a group of individuals of a specific age) |
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Definition
| proportion of offspring produced that survive to a particular age |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's life history consists of how the organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities related to survival. |
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Term
| semelparity vs iteroparity |
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Definition
semelparity: gives birth to many offspring once, then dies.
iteroparity: reproduces multiple times over time. |
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Term
| Factors that might favor semelparity |
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Definition
- Low probability of surviving to reproduce additional times (e.g. annual plants, salmon)
- Positive relationships between reproductive effort and reproductive success per unit effort. |
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Term
| Factors that might favor iteroparity |
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Definition
- High adult survival
-Reduced offspring success as the number of offspring per reproductive episode increases |
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Term
| Density-independent factors |
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Definition
| - usually abiotic and change birth/death rates irrespective of the size of the population |
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Term
| Density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| usually biotic and change in intensity as a function of population size. Density-dependent effects on survivorship and fecundity cause logistic population. |
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Term
| Types of density-dependent population regulation |
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Definition
- Intraspecific competition for resources
- Density-dependent predation
- Territoriality
- Density-dependent disease spread
- Wastes
- Intrinsic factors
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Term
1. Competition for resources:
As density _______, individual reproduction ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| exponential growth equation |
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Definition
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Term
| "r" in terms of exponential population growth |
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Definition
r>0 population growing
r<0 population shrinking
r=0 population stable |
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Term
| What limits growth rates and population sizes? |
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Definition
| Density-independent factros are usually abiotic and change birth rates and death rates irrespective of the size of population |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobile organisms protect a feeding or breeding territory. E.g. grizzly bears drive off black bears |
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Term
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Definition
| One species produces toxins that negatively affect another |
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Term
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Definition
1. Interference competition (fighting)
2. Exploitative competition (depleting resource)
(-/-) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms consume the same resources (ex: trees competing for water and nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals occupy space, preventing access to resources (ex: space preempted by barnacles is unavailable to competitors) |
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Term
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Definition
| One organism grows over another (ex: large fern over individual and shading them) |
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Term
| The Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| States that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place |
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Term
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Definition
| the full range of biological and physical conditions an organism can potentially exist in. |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of conditions an organism actually lives in; smaller than the fundamental niche b/c of competition of resources |
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Term
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Definition
(+/-)
Predation refers to interaction where on species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey |
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Term
| mullerian mimicry vs. batesian mimicry |
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Definition
the resemblance of two harmful prey species
the resemblance of an innocuous prey species to a dangerous prey species |
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Term
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Definition
(+/-)
An interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
It has led to evolution of plant chemical and chemical defenses and adaptations by herbivores e.g. sticky hairs, rose stems |
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Term
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Definition
(+/+)
An interspecific interaction that benefits both species |
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Definition
(+/0)
One species benefits and the other is not affected (e.g. epiphytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the variety of organisms that make up the community. It has two components: species richness and relative abundance |
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Term
Species richness
relatives abundance |
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Definition
the total number of different species in the community
the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community |
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Term
| Species richness generally ________ along and equatorial-polar gradient. Lots of species (pole/equator), few species (pole equator) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants.
transpiration + evaporation |
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Term
| Primary cause of the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeding relationships b/w organisms in a community. It is a key factor in community dynamics |
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Term
| Food chains link the trophic levels from ________ to top ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an event that removes some individuals or biomass from a community. The important feature of disturbance is that it alters some aspect of resource availability. |
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Term
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Definition
| the recovery that follows a severe disturbance (e.g. plant growth after fire) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms living in a community as well as abiotic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period. |
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