Synapomorphies: Plastids form 2nd endosymbiosis

tubular christae

Alveolata, Stramenophiles, Haptophytes

Haptophytes

unicellular, unequal smooth flagella

armored w/ calcium carbonate scales

abundant in phytoplankton

Synapomorphy: alveoli present

Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, ciliates

parasitic

apical complex to penetrate host

lack contractile vacuoles

Ex: Malaria

primary producers

golden-brown

cellulose skeleton

photosynthetic endosymbionts

numerous cilia

macro and micro nuclei

Excavates

synapomorphies: ventral feeding groove

disc shaped cristae

Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Kinetoplastids, Euglenids

no mitochondria

unicellular

heterotrophic

aerobic respiration

Ex: Giardia

anaerobic

unicellular

no mitochondria

cytoskeleton

clusters of flagella near anterior end

membrane facilitates locomotion

mitochondria w/ disc shaped cristae

flagella w/ cristaline rod

flagella in anterior pocket

unicellular parasites

2 flagella

single large mitochondria contains kinetoplast

disc shaped cristae in mitochondria

2 flagella: 1 straight, 1 with hairs

common ancestor had flagella but some do not have it

Brown Algae and Diatoms

multicellular

fucoxanthin

chlorophyll a and c

synapomorphy: 2 pc silica cell wall (shell or skeleton)

unicellular

pores=filter

important to aquatic and marine food webs

synapomorphies: unique molecular characteristics

filose (thread like) psuedopods

Foraminiferans and Radiolarians

synapomorphy: secretion of a calcium carbonate to form shells

extend psuedopodial net