attached to rear of the frontal 

largest portion of the rood and sides of the skull

inferior sides of the cranium

part of the floor

beneath the temples

forms the posterior wall and posterior floor of the cranium

articulates with each parietal and temporal bone

"key-stone bone"

butterfly shape

sits at the base of the skull

connects to all other cranial bones

forms majority of the orbit

tightest of all joints

join bones of the cranium and consist of a thin layer of very dense fibrous tissue, which allow no motion

adds strength and stability to the union

all sutures are synarthrosis

where the two parietal bones meet

runs in the midling of the cranium from apex to occipital

two parietal bones meet the frontal bone

crown

where the occipital bone meets the two parietal bones

runs horixontally 

where each temporal bone unites with the parietal and sphenoid bones

traces an arc above each ear

a thick bulge of bone behind the ear 

where neck muscles attach

sits posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus

honeycombed

has smal air spaces

a narrow, cone-shaped downward projection to which neck muscles attach

more pointy than mastoid

largest opening in the craniu,

the spinal cord and brain connect through this

two bean shaped platforms

connect with the first cervical vertebra

are points upon which the skull rests on the neck

u shaped

hinged posteriorly to the temporal bones

containes lower teeth

holds the pituiatary gland

cradle of bone

in the sphenoid bone

"cock's crest"

projects superiorly between the cribiform plates

site of attachment for the brain meninges

horizontal plates

on each side of the perpecdicular plate

perforated with numerous tiny holes that transmit fibers from the olfactory nerve into the nasal passages

vertical plate of bone

extends inferiorly into the midline of the nasal cavity

forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

U shaped

sits in the soft tissues of the anterior neck

does not articulate with any other bones

attached by ligament to the base of the skull at the styloid process of the temporal bone

central hole in the bone circle

form the spinal canal

small opening

allows spinal nerves to pass from the spinal cord out into the body

thick

disc-shaped

joined together by the intervertebral discs

extend posteriorly to the body

parts of the vertebral arch

four stubby plates of bone project from the vertbral arch and serve to connect to the vertebrae above or below

occur in pairs, one right and one left, on the superior and inferior surfaces of the arch

single, midline, dorsal projection of bone that arises from the apex of the arch

as you run your finger down the center of your back, you are feeling the tips of spinous processes

serve as sites of muscle attachment

two bony projections

extend laterally from the sides of the vertebral sarch

muscle attachment

C1

highest

has two articular facets that fit with the occipital condyles

synovial joint between the skull and vertebral column permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation and lateral movement

has no body

C2

atlas rotates around the axis of the dens

single traingular bone formed from the gradual fusion of five fetal vertebrae

big mucles of hips and thighs attach

has five regions, one for each original sacral vertebra

allows for nerves of spinal cord to pass through

small triangular bone shaped like a bird's beak 

forms the inferior end of the axial skeleton

conect to the side of the sternum

1-7

8,9,10

share a forked costal cartilage that merges with the costal cartilage of rib 7

not individually connected to the sternum

have no cartilage

also false ribs

11, 12

flat, slim, vertical bone situated in the cneter of the anterior thoracic wall

uppermost

fused with the body at the sternal angle

Xiphoid process

inferior projection of the sternum

do not want to press on this during CPR

forms a bony buldge at the top of the shoulder

articulates with the clavicle 

longest, heaviest of the bones in the upper limb

 head connects with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

small prominence partway down the shaft

where the large deltoid muscle overlying the shoulder joint attaches

dorsal ridge of bone

attachment site for muscles

superior to the capitulum and trochlea

tendons for forearm muscles attach

tendons for posterior forearm muscles attach to lateral

where anterior arm muscles attach

on ulna

recieves ulna when elbow is extended

depression on posterior side

radius and ulna are straight

anatomical position

on lateral side of distal end of radius

lateral wrist ligaments attach

Ulnar styloid process

medial wrist ligaments attach

on medial side of the head of the ulna

Wrist bones- located in heel of hand

irregular rows of four bones each

bound by ligaments that allow for slight shifting and twisting

bones of the palm

all bones are similar: shaft, base, head

finger bones closest to metacarpals

finger bones on the tips of the fingers

(farthest away from metacarpals)

largest and uppermost

wing shaped bone that attaches firmly to the sacrum

inferoposterior portion of each coxal bone

arc-shaped

where the two pubic bones meet

forms a midline bone prominence above the genitalia

amphiarthrosis

upper edge of each wing of the ilium

where your hands naturally rest from time to time

spine of ischium

less distance between ischial spines

smaller angle of sacrum

smaller pubic angle 

larger distance between ischial spines

sacrum is pushed out

larger pubic angle

bone of thigh

lonest and heaviest in the body

caps the neck of the femur

articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal ones to form the hip joint

stubby post on promimal end of femur

angled about 45 degreed

on femur

right below the distal end of the neck

hip bone

attachment site for muscles

where upper end of shaft joins the nexk

muscle attachment

on femur

knuckle-like projections into which the distal end of the femur expands 

fit into concave upper surface of tibia to form kneww joint

on femur

between condyles

deep depression

two articular surfaces

upon which the femoral condyles rest

anteriorly between the condyles of the tibia

attachment for patellar tendon

bulging lip of tibia overlaps the ankle joint

medial prominence of the ankle

on tibia

Slim bone

about as long as tibia

shifted inferiorly

not weight bearing

head articulates with tibia below the lateral condyle

connects to the tarsus

lateral bone prominecnce of the ankle

on fibula

small bulge of fibula overlaps the angle joint

where the tibia and fibula articulate to form the ankle joint

most superior of the ankle bones

largest and strongest of the tarsals

heel bone

bound together by ligaments to form an arch

which allows foot to bend somewhat to cushion the forces of walking, running, and jumping

cloest to ankle

bones in the middle (between tarsals and phalanges)

all are similar (expect the first is substantially heavier than the others)

numbered 1-5

toes

resemble fingers

Prime movers

(agonist)

a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover

must relax and lengthen to permit the movement

a muscle that assists the action of the prime mover

some prevent the movement of a nearby joint

without these, the origin would move towards insertion

origin: zygomatic bone

Insertion: skin, muscle at lip corners

action: raises corner of mouth (smile)

origin: maxilla

insertion: skin at mouth corners

action: closes and protrudes lips (kissing), shapes lips (speech)

origin: mandible

Insertion: mouth 

action: depresses angle of mouth (frown) brind down mouth corners

depressor: downward

labii: lip

super: above

Origin: Mandible

Instertion: Orbicularis 

Action: depresses upper lip

Origin: Mandible

insertion: orbicularis oris

Action: depresses lower lip

bucia: cheek

Origin: maxilla, mandible

Insertion: orbicularis oris

Action: flattens cheek (whistling)

Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis (tendon)

Insertion: Eyebrow, forehead skin

Action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Origin: Temporal bone

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates jaw, retracts chin

Origin: Frontal bone, maxilla

insertion: skin encricling eye

Action: closes eyelid

platys: flat

Origin: fascia covering deltoid, pectoralis major

Insertion: Mandible

Action: tenses skin when teeth are clenched, depresses mandible, helps depressor anguli oris

Origin: temporal bone

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates jaw (biting, chewing)

Origin: Sternum, clavicle

Instertion: mastoid process of temporal bone

Action: Together, flexes neck, separately, laterally flexes, rotates neck

Erector Spinae: spinalis (O:spinous process), longissimus (O:trnverse process), iliocostalis (O:ribs and ilium)

O: tendon arising at ilium, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

I: occipital bone, temporal bone, ribs, vertebrae

A: both side-extends vertebral column, extends head

one side- laterally flexes vertebral column

External Oblique

O:5th-12th ribs

I:ilium, pubis, line alba

A: both- flexes spinal column, compress abs

one- rotate, laterally flex vertebral column

o: pubis

i: xiphoid process

a: flexes spinal column, compresses abs

internal oblique

O: iliac crest

I: 10th-12th ribs, linea alba

A: same as external obliques

O: iliac crest, intercostal cartilage of 7th-12th ribs

i: xiphois process, linea alba, pubis

a: compresses abs

O: none

I: xiphoid process, costal cartilage of inferior ribs, lumbar vertebrae

A; contracts to expand thorax (inhilation), relaces to shrink thorax (Exhalation)

O: inferior border of ribs

I: superior border of rib below

A: elevates ribs during inhalation

O: superiod border of ribs

I: inferiod border of rib above

A: depress ribs, active exhalation

Tranverse perneus

O: ischial tuberosity

I: perineal body

A; stabalizes perineum

O: Penis, perineal fascia

I: Perineal body, clitoris, penis

A: maintains clitoral or penile erection by compressing veins; aids in expelling last drops of urine or semen; constricts vagina

O: pubis, ischial spine

I: coccyx, urethra, rectum, perineum

A: aids defecation, stabalizes perineum

O: occipital bone, C7, thoraci

I: Clavicle, scapula

A: elevates scapula, depresses scapula, retract scapula

O: T1-t4

I: scapula

A: retracts and rotates scapula inferiorly: used for forcible downward movement (hammering)

Serratus anterior

O: superior ribs

I: scapula

A: boxer muscles

protracts and stabalizes scapula, shoulder moves down and forward, rotates scpula superiorly

O: 2nd-5th ribs

I: scapula (coracoid process)

A: Protracts scapula

O: C1-C4

I: scapula 

A: elevates  and rotates scapula inferiorly, fixes scapula

O: clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs

I: Humerus

A: adducts and medially rotates humerus, flexes humerus

O:clavicle, scapula

I: humerus

A: abducts humerus, swings arms during walking, extend humerus

O:Humerus

I: radius

A: flexes elbow

O: humerus

I:metacarpals

A: entends/flexes, abducts wrist, clench fist, 

O: Humeros, ulna

I: metacarpals

A: flexes/extends, adducts wrist

O: humerus

I: fascia

A: weak wrist flexor

O: humerus, ulna, radius

I: phalanges

A: flexes, extends four fingers 

O: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx

I: iliotibial tract, femur

A: extends, laterally rotates hip

Tensor Fascia Latae

O; Ilium

I: illiotibial tract

A; abducts, flexes hip

O: Ischial tuberosity, lindea aspera of femur

I: fibula and tibia

A; flexes knee, extends hip

O: Ischial tuberosity

I: proximal tibia

A: flexes knee, extends hip

Semimembranous

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

A: flexes knee, extends hip

rectus femoris

O: iliac spine

I: patella, then the tibial tuberosity

A: extends knee, flexes hip

O: femur

I: none

A: extends knee

O: tibia, lateral condyle/body

I: 1st cuneiform and metatarsal

A: dorsiflexes, inverts ankle

O:Fibula, tibia

I:medial cuneiform and first metatarsal

A: everts ankle, keeps lef steady when balancing on one foot

O: femur, lateral medial condyles

I: calcaneus

A: plantarflexes ankle; raises heel when walking, flexes knee, important in running jumping

O: Fibula and proximal tibia

I: Calcaneus

A: platarflexes ankle, contracts alternately with leg extensor muscles to maintin balance when walking