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Biblical Archaeology
Introduction
103
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/04/2012

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Term
Archaeology
Definition
studies physical remains of humanity's past.
archeos-ancient
logos-knowledge/study
"study of the past"
deals with "nuts and bolts" of the past (architecture, tools, weapons, cultic objects, vessels of daily use)
Studies physical remains of humanity's past
Term
History
Definition
studies events, causes of events, facets of the human experience
Term
Biblical Archaeology
Definition
Judeo-Christian tradition
basis of western culture
Term
Pre-Historic Archaeology
Definition
before history/writing
writing began in Sumer in 3,000 BC
Term
Linear B Script
Definition
Mycenaean Greek writing known for?
Term
Battle of Kedesh
Definition
1286 BC
Ramses II (The Great)
Fights Hittites
Term
Migration Of Sea Peoples
Definition
1200 BC
stopped by Ramses III
Ugarit destroyed (traveled from Cyprus)
Term
Evidence vs. Theories
Definition
a theory is valid until the evidence contradicts it
a new theory for a known data set may explain it better
theory is a "basis for change"
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
how archaeologists know about the past
1. form a hypothesis 2. test hypothesis 3. accept or reject
Ex. If a stone anchor is on the seabed it must mean a ship passed by as well as it shows us things like date and ethnicity
Term
artifacts
Definition
building blocks of archaeology
any item made by humans, used by humans, teaches us about past surroundings
Term
Artifacts (Made by humans)
Definition
architecture
shipwrecks
tombs
funerary artifacts
ceramics (pottery)
weapons
cult items
statues
ivory
jewelry
Term
Preservation
Definition
archaeologists are not playing with a full deck
dead sea scrolls
Uluburun Wreck (organic preservation underwater)
Term
Artifacts (Used by Humans)
Definition
Horses
Grape pips in Amphora base
Term
Iconography
Definition
pictures from the past
paintings, frescoes, reliefs, graffiti
Term
Archaeometry
Definition
measurement of the past
date the past (radiocarbon dating)
determine original source of materials (metals, ceramics, obsidian)
Term
Melos
Definition
place where obsidian was found in the Franchthi Cave
Term
Tel (Hebrew)
Tell (Arabic)
Definition
a mound of many cities
Situated near water, defensible position, arable land, near trade routes
Term
socle
Definition
large rocks that make up the foundation of a wall of mud bricks
Term
Virgin soil/Bedrock
Definition
bottom of the tel
you know you have reached the bottom
Term
Stratigraphy
Definition
the recording of levels
problems: pits, wells, graves. They intrude into other layers. One site could be covered up by older site, newer is built at the bottom of a tel
Term
Wheeler-Kenyon Method
Definition
Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Professor Kathleen Kenyon
Emphasizes recording levels visible in sections
Term
Baulk
Definition
wall left not excavated in the grid system
Term
Locus
Definition
area being excavated that is continually split up into smaller areas
Term
Physical Anthropology
Definition
branch that studies the physical development of the human species.
Term
Paleobotany (Paleoethnobotany)
Definition
branch that studies plant remains from ancient sites
Term
Paleo-Environment
Definition
using data from fossils and artifacts to reconstruct the environment of the past
Term
Obsidian from Franchthi Cave
Definition
Obsidian was a big trading item and was found in this cave on Argolis and the obsidian was taken along the island chain to Melos
Term
In Situ (=in site)
Definition
refers to an artifact that is still in it's original position and has not been moved. If not found in situ it is out of context and can't tell near as much than if it was in place.
Term
Grid System
Definition
sections separated by baulks (walls) that make up a grid of excavated areas. These are broken down into locus
Term
Ostracon (pl. ostraca)
Definition
a piece of pottery or a stone that has been broken off of a vase. Usually they have writings on them which help determine which period it is from
Term
Epigrapher
Definition
person who studies and interprets ancient writings
Term
Surveys
Definition
ground based physical sensing technique used for archaeological imaging or mapping
Term
Regional Archaeology
Definition
allows archaeologists to investigate a wider range of past activities that extend beyond a single site
Term
"Reading" Pottery
Definition
determining the date after it's been sorted and washed and dried.
Term
Typology
Definition
defining artifacts based on its type in order to make sense of what it is. Subjective observation
Term
Type-sites
Definition
the site where the culture was first found
Term
Three Age System
by Danish archaeologist C.J. Thomsen
Definition
Stone
Bronze
Iron
after the iron age periods were named after the people in power
Term
Chronology
Definition
defining time
dating the past
Term
Relative Chronology
Definition
can't find the exact date of something but find out what is earlier and what is later
Term
Sequence Dating (S.D.)
Definition
example of relative chronology done by Petrie, just determining what pre-dates what without knowing specific dates
Term
Sir WIlliam Matthew Flinders Petrie
Definition
first person to use sequence dating to determine what is older relative to other things, divided Pre-Dynastic period into 3 phases (beginning at SD 30)
Term
Pre-Dynastic period
Definition
time before unification of Egypt into pharaonic civilization
Term
Terminus ad quem = time before which
Definition
artifact must have been deposited before the event
(TAQ)
scrolls are found in destruction level (destroyed in AD 72) so it must date before AD 73
Term
Terminus post quem = time after which
Definition
artifacts found above destruction would post date it
Term
Absolute Chronology
Definition
exact date of item or event
ex. cornerstone of modern building
Term
Historical Chronology
Definition
calendars, king lists, annals, C14
Term
King Years
Definition
lists of kings with number of years they lived
Term
Annals
Definition
concise form of historical representation which records events chronologically year by year
Term
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Israel
Definition
Book that gives a more detailed account of the reigns of the kings of ancient Kingdom of Israel as presented in the Hebrew Bible. Compiled by or derived from the king's own scribes
Term
Book of the Annals of the Kings of Judea
Definition
Book that gives a more detailed account of the reigns of the kings of ancient Kingdom of Judah as presented in the Chronicles and Kings in the Hebrew Bible.
Term
Egyptian Dynastic List
Definition
list of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and dynasties
Term
Manetho (3rd Century B.C.)
Definition
Egyptian historian that wrote the Aegyptiaca, the history of Egypt, used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns and pharaohs
Term
Synchronization of Celestial Events
Definition
each year divided into 12 months of 30 days each
years not listed in a single linear system as today
Term
Coregency
Definition
the situation in which a monarchy is ruled by two people instead of the normal one.
Term
Carbon 14 Dating (radiocarbon dating, C14)
Definition
radioactive decay measured in half lives, a date is reached by calculating how much carbon 14 is left
Term
W.F. Libby 1949
Definition
came up with carbon 14 dating
Term
Half-life
Definition
time required for radioactive decay to diminish amount by half
Term
Half Life of Carbon
Definition
5,730 years
Term
California Bristlecone Pines
Definition
thought to be the single oldest living single organisms
5,000 yrs old
Term
Corrected or Calibrated Dates
Definition
statistical error (+/-) 100 has a probability of being correct 68% of the time (+/-) 200 95% (+/-) 300 99%
Term
Akkadian
Definition
first Semitic language, spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, uses cuneiform systematic writing
Term
Cuneiform
Definition
earliest written expression used in Sumer, pictures
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
first agricultural revolution, transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. 10,500-8,500 BC
Cultivation of plants, domestication of animals, growth of settlements, larger populations, cultures became more complex
Term
Epi-Paleolithic
Definition
"After the old stone age"
Term
Natufian Culture
Definition
sedentary
Term
Sedentary life
Definition
settled
Term
Type Site Wadi en-Natuf
Definition
where the Natufian culture got it's name
located in the Mount Carmel Hills of Israel
Term
Carmel Caves
Definition
caves southwest of Mt. Carmel excavated and unearthed what is thought to be the earliest known prehistoric man.
Found pierced stone mortars that imply an attempt to communicate or honor the dead by pouring liquids through the mortars.
Term
Einan
Definition
location of Natufian Dwellings, circular in shape
Example of secondary burial here
Term
Microliths
Definition
small stone tool used for hunting spears/arrows
Term
Hunting & Gathering
Definition
society in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals
Term
Spread of the Natufian Culture
Definition
started in Jericho and moved northeast along the Mediterranean
Term
Natufian "firsts"
Definition
First culture to live in permanent settlements
First to build houses (roughly circular up to 24 ft. diameter)
Many installations (hearths, silos, etc.)
High level of culture
Term
Natufian Spiritual Life
Burial Practices
Secondary
Definition
body is allowed to decay and then all the bones are collected and buried together
Term
Natufian firsts
Burials
Definition
established burial customs, dead wear jewelry
Term
Natufian Spiritual Life
Cultic Installations
Definition
they had fertility objects that they held in very high regard because of the importance of grain and sex
any object that was the focus of their worship
Term
Natufian Spiritual Life
Burial Practices
Primary
Definition
bodies are buried as they are
Term
Natufian Spiritual Life
Personal Ornaments
Jewelry
Definition
Dentalium, necklace of carved bone and shells
Term
Natufian Spiritual Life
Art Objects
Definition
animal cravings, human representations, pebble head carving
Term
Jericho
Definition
Tell es-Sultan
most important site of Neolithic era
Term
PPNA Dwellings
Definition
most people lived in alluvial fans, circular houses 12-18 ft. in diameter built with mud brick
Term
Nahal Oren
Definition
dry river bed, round base that gives us the idea that they lived in teepees
Term
Obsidian Trade with Anatolia (Turkey)
Definition
this was a very valuable thing to have to trade.
Term
Syria
Definition
Tell Ramad
Term
Upper Euphrates
Definition
Tell Bouqras
Tell Abu Hureyra
Tell Mureybet
Term
Anatolia (Turkey)
Definition
Catal Huyuk
Term
Size of Site
Ain Ghazal
Definition
30 acres
Term
Size of Site
Beisamun
Definition
10 acres
Term
Size of Site
Jericho
Definition
6 acres
Term
Husbandry of Goats
Sheep and Cattle
Definition
shifted from hunting these animals to raising them and herding them for food. Goats were the preferred animal but sheep and cattle were also raised
Term
Beisamun (PPNB)
Definition
found plastered skulls, bodies were buried and the skull was kept in the house and was plastered to look like the person
Term
Nahal Hemar (PPNB)
Definition
skulls with applied asphalt decoration
limestone masks
Term
Shaar Hagolan (Yarmukian) Culture
Definition
first culture in prehistoric Israel, oldest in the Levant to use pottery, many fertility figures found
Term
Horvat Minha/Munhata
Definition
site in the Jordan Valley excavated by Jean Perrot the Yarmukian culture occupied this area
this area was the location of both the Wadi Rabah (PNB) and Yarmukina (PNA)
Term
Wadi Rabah Culture
Definition
rectangular structures,
Term
Removal of Skulls
Definition
when buried the skulls were removed and placed in the houses as a way of keeping the person with them spiritually.
Term
Plaster-Clay Statues
Definition
statues for at Ain Ghazal that were part of a religious ritual
Term
Flooding of the Black Sea
Definition
thought to be Noah's flood, people had to move inland very fast because so many people lived on the coast
Term
Chronology
Epi-Paleolithic Period
Definition
10,000-8,500 BC
Term
Chronology
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
Definition
8,500-7,500 BC
Term
Chronology
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
Definition
7,500-6,000 BC
Term
Chronology
Pottery Neolithic A (PNA)
Definition
6,000-5,000 BC
Term
Chronology
Pottery Neolithic B (PNB)
Definition
5,000-4,300 BC
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