Term
| In your English Bibles, how many books of Law (5), History (12), Wisdom/Poetry (5) Prophets (17)? In your English bibles, how many books of Gospels (4), History (1), Letters (21), Apocalypse (1)? |
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Definition
| know books in each section |
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Term
| What is the meaning of the word “Bible.” |
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Definition
| comes from greek word biblion (book) which is a dirivite of byblos (papyrus) |
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Term
| What does the word Testament mean? |
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Definition
an act by which a person determines the deposition of his property after his death
Covenant |
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Term
| What does TANAK mean? (mg. p. 41) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two differences between Chronicles and Samuel/Kings? |
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Definition
samuel and kings in prophets
chronicles isn't. in holy writings.
chron. accepted later than samuel and kings. |
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Term
| What are the arguments commonly advanced for accepting the Apocrypha? (p. 124) |
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Definition
1. Some of the New Testament books possibly make allusions to apocryphal books.
2. New Testament authors often quote from the Septuagint, the earliest manuscripts which contain the Apocrypha.
3. Several apocryphal books were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
4. Early Christian art reflects some knowledge of the Apocrypha.
5. Certain early church fathers, particularly in the West, accepted the apocryphal books as authoritative. (Clement, Origen, Irenaeus of East)
6. The Council of Trent proclaimed the Apocrypha canonical. |
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Term
| Who was the first to use the term “apocryphal” for the books now commonly so labeled. (p. 122) |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there good evidence that none of the apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works were included in the OT Hebrew canon used by Jews and early Christians? (p. 119) |
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Definition
| There is good evidence that they weren't included in the OT canon. It is possible however that they were stored with the canonical Scriptures and thus confused. |
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Term
| Do all of the apocryphal books have some type of inaccuracies in them? (p. 126) |
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Definition
| 11 of 15 do. The ones that don't are either very short or content-wise are hard to judge |
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Term
| What are the reasons given in your readings as to “why the Roman Catholic Church considers the wider Alexandrian list of books to be canonical”? (p. 124) |
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Definition
| Some scholars thing there was a broader Alexandrian canon. A few of the early Greek manuscripts of the Bible that included the apocryphal books interspersed among the OT are: Aleph=Coex Sinaiticus (4th century), A=Codex Alexandrinus (5th century), B=Codex Vaticanus (4th century) |
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Term
| What are the ten arguments set forth in the list in the readings for the rejection of the canonicity of the Apocrypha. (p. 126) |
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Definition
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Term
| Were any copies of pseudepigriphal writings uncovered in the caves of Qumran? (p. 129) |
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Definition
| Copies of several--Jubilees, 1 Enoch, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs |
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Term
| What are some good reasons given in the text as to why study the pseudepigrapha. (p. 129) |
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Definition
1. Information concerning the social dimension of early Judaism.
2. The Pseudepigrapha shows how important the OT was to the Jewish community.
3. Pseudepigraphal books are helpful in showing how doctrines developed in relation to the NT |
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Term
| Is the issue of NT canonicity more difficult to determine than OT canonicity? (p. 131) |
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Definition
| Yes. Less definitive evidence. |
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Term
| How were the events and teachings of Christ transmitted for the first 30 years of the church age? (p. 132) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should we trust the oral accounts of the events of Christ’s life? (pp. 132-133) |
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Definition
1. Accounts of Jesus' life would have taken on fixed forms in the telling; any embellishments or mistakes would have been easily detected by the audience.
2. It seems unlikely that the disciples and early Christians would have falsified accounts of Jesus' life and teachings when eyewitnesses were still alive to dispute.
3. tradition maintains that all the disciples were martyred for their faith, something that seems unlikely if it were based on accounts that they themselves made up.
4. Extra-biblical records support scriptural accounts of Jesus' life and teaching.
5. Biblical accounts include negative elements concerning disciples, Paul, and the churches. |
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Term
| When was all of the NT was written by? (date, p. 135) |
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Definition
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Term
| OT canon was probably completed about when? |
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Definition
| R.K. Harrison suggests about 400-300BC |
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Term
| When were many of the NT books probably collected into some form of canon? (p. 141) |
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Definition
| before the mid-2nd century. |
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Term
| How long was there uncertainty regarding mainly the General Epistles? (P. 145) |
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Definition
| will into the 4th century. |
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Term
| How long was there uncertainty regarding mainly the General Epistles? (P. 145) |
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Definition
| will into the 4th century. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NT Canon substantially recognized |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Apocrypha formally canonized |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does Josephus play in the discussion on the issue of canonicity? |
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Definition
| A Jewish historian who wrote during the latter part of the first century (c. 37-100). Speaks of the chief priests and prophet's preserving the sacred books with scrupulous accuracy. Spoke of them as the "Most Holy Books" and the like. Said that the Jews had 22 sacred books (combining Ruth and Judges; Jeremiah and Lamentations). Says they are justly accredited record. About the Jewish canon says: no discrepancy in what is written, the prohpets alone had the privilege of writing; obtained that knowledge through inspiration from God. They have been carefully maintained to the syllable; and any Jew would be willing to even give his life for them--proving reverence for Scriptures. Simply, OT canon criteria: 1. does not contain contradictions; 2. written by prophet or one recognized as having divine authority; 3. originated through inspiration from God; 4. accepted by the Jews as authoritative material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flavious Josephus (Roman name)/Joseph ben Mattathias (Jewish Name). c.a. 37-100. A historian, politician, and soldier. descendent of Hasmonean family that ruled Jerusalem a century ealier. 14-well-learned. 16--more training. 19-pharisee. Opposed rebellion against Rome, but fought valiantly. Surrendered to Rome, schmoozed his way into favor under Vespasian. V's son Titus brought him to Rome as pensioner and client, viewed poorly in eyes of Jews, wrote to justify himself to Jews, and justify Jews to Rome. |
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Term
| What were the five questions/principles in determining canonicity? |
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Definition
| (Authoritative, Prophetic, Authentic, Dynamic, Received) |
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Term
| What are the most important of these questions/principles in determining canonicity? |
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Definition
| authoritative, prophetic, authentic. |
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Term
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Definition
| LXX--70 scholars translated the OT Scrpitures into Greek. Includes apocrypha. |
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Term
| What are some differences in the Old Testament Canons from Jewish Tradition, Septuagint Greek? Latin? Eastern Orthodox Greek? |
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Definition
Torah is the same
Ruth in Histories in Septuagint, Latin, and Greek. and In Holy Writings in Jewish
Chronicles in Later Histories in Septuagint, Latin, and Greek, in HW in Jewish
Apocrypha included in Septuagint and Greek.
Some of apocrypha--Tobith, Judith, Wisdom of Sol and Sirach--in vulgate
Psalm 151 in Septuagint |
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Term
| How did our Protestant OT canon come to include 39 books while the Hebrew OT canon only included 24? |
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Definition
| It has to do with how they are divided up. The Hebrew canon has more books put together into one. It is the same books. |
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Term
| Where does Ruth go in the Bible in Jewish Tradition; where in the other traditions? Why? |
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Definition
Jewish: Holy Writings
Others: Histories.
She was a Gentile and a woman. It wasn't prophetic. Just history. |
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Term
| Name two Books from the Apocrypha (from the shorter list). |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two Books from the Pseudepigrapha (perhaps important ones from the longer list). |
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Definition
1 & 2 Enoch
Life Adam and Eve |
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Term
| Beckwith listed five Pieces of Evidence for the shape (order) and the contents of the Old Testament Canon; what were they? |
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Definition
1. ben Sirach
2. Luke 24:44
3. Talmud/Tosepheta
4. Jesus's statement of History, Matthew 23:33-36
5. Philo |
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Term
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Definition
| grandson rightly stresses the profound knowledge that Sirach had of Hebrew traditions (“the Law and the Prophets and the other books” – already the three-fold division of the Hebrew Bible was in the process of formation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Now He said to them, "These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled." (NASB) |
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Term
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Definition
Tosephta: “Law, Prophets and the Fifths.”
Sometime the (five books of the) Psalms are referred to as the “Fifths.”
Sometime the Five Megilloth (scrolls) are referred to as the “Fifths.” (Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes & Esther)
Regardless, it seems to be in the Holy Writings: its reference is to the festival at which each was to be written:
• The Song of Songs - On the Feast of the Passover.
• Ruth - On the Feast of Pentecost.
• Lamentations - On the Fast of the ninth of Abib.
• Ecclesiastes - On the Feast of Tabernacles.
• Esther - On the Feast of Purim. |
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Term
| Jesus’ Statement of History. |
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Definition
"You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of hell? "Therefore, behold, I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city, that upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar. "Truly I say to you, all these things shall come upon this generation. (Mt. 23:33-36 NASB)
“. . . in all probability implies that for Jesus and his hearers the canon began with Genesis and ended with Chronicles, seeing that the murder of Abel is recorded near the beginning of the former book (Gen. 4.3-15) and the murder of Zechariah near the end of the latter book (2 Chron. 24. 19-22). or Jesus could be referring to a canonical order very much like our own ending in Malachi; or, and I think this more likely, |
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Term
| the Philo Quote indicates |
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Definition
“The Laws, and the Oracles given by inspiration through the Prophets, and the Psalms, and the other books whereby knowledge and piety are increased and completed” (VC 25).
By this is would appear that Philo understood that the canon was divided into three parts roughly corresponding to the tri-partite groupings and order(s) now current within Judaism. However by the Fourth Century A.D. things were radically different. |
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Term
| In the discussion of Canon using the various historians and church fathers, what general movement do you see? |
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Definition
1. Most treatments have most of the same named books.
2. The shape of the Canon gradually shifts from Jewish (TANAK) form to the form we have, without losing any of the original books (although not divided the same way across traditions, e.g., Chronicles forming one book; Ezra-Nehemiah sometimes forming one book, etc.).
3.Throughout the first four centuries of Church History, the order of books begins to solidify and there is a movement to reject the Apocrypha (Jerome) and Pseudepigrapha (lots of people). |
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Term
Know what the instructor said about the dates of:
1. Malachi (430 B.C.),
2. 2 Chronicles (390 B.C.),
3. ben-Sirach (Prologue 130 B.C., Writing 180 B.C.) and
3. “Council of Jamnia” (90 A.D. and
4. The significance of these. |
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Definition
1. Malachi (430 B.C.),
2. 2 Chronicles (390 B.C.),
canon closed intellectually sometime after those....
3. ben-Sirach (Prologue 130 B.C., Writing 180 B.C.)
Intertestamental period writing, made reference to the tri division probably by 180 bc
3. “Council of Jamnia” (90 A.D.)
canon already agreed upon, but formally set. |
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Term
| The textbook, p. 131, says: “The issue of the New Testament canon is much more difficult to determine than that of the Old Testament canon since there is less definitive evidence” (Wegner, Journey, 131). What does he mean by this? |
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Definition
1. There was/is a lot more NT material available to evaluate.
2. There were a lot more “Christian” people evaluating the material.
3. The OT material had, by the time of Christianity, crystalized and was more
uniform.
4. The NT material went through a brief period of oral transmission.
5. There was much less uniformity of faith with the Christians than with the Jews.
Early on there were several fully developed traditions (Greek, Latin, Slavonic,
Coptic, etc.).
6. There was much less geographical connectedness with the Christians than with
the Jews.
7. The process of copying, collecting and collating the books was longer
(geography, regional acceptance of some books, etc.)
8. The Jews never seemed to have as much trouble weeding out spurious works
(Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha) as the Christians did (e.g., a lot of it canonized by
Council of Trent, 1545-63 A.D.) |
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Term
| Muratorian Canon (ca. 180-200) NT |
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Definition
Earliest Tradition besides Marcion (Marc. washeretical). Omits Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter but has the rest. Opposite of Clement, etc.
Mutilated at the beginning.
Luke: Third book was Luke. (order is important...) Early on there was a tradition that the brains behind Luke was Paul.
John: Early Tradition that John the Baptist was the author of the 4th book, John.
Says that John is the one writing the historical record and order in his gospel.
Acts: Even in 2nd century: Tradition fulfilled that Paul made it to Spain.
Epistles: Church epistle order according to this: Corinthians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Galatians, Thessalonians, Romans.
Jude, books of Wisdom, Apocalypse of John and of Peter (some not let it read in church). |
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Term
| Origen (ca. 230-250) Eusebius giving his order |
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Definition
2nd canon list.
Four Gospels: 1st Matthew (aramaic traditions already. Says this was written 1st), 2nd Mark (peter tradition already, 3rd Luke, 5th book is John.
Spoke of the Church build on Peter...that tradition had already started.
John’s Apocalypse, and at least one and perhaps 2 & 3 epistles.
Disputed over who wrote Hebrews. Still a problem. But speaks of Pauline tradition. |
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Term
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Definition
Four Gospels...doesn’t say other than original order
????
???
Rejected writings: Acts of Paul, Shepherd, Apocalypse of Peter, epistle of Barnabas, Teachings of the A[sles, and to some John’s Apocalypse
Gospel of Hebrews, dusputed
Mentions other pseudepigraphal works as incorrect, written by heretics who gave unorthodox teaching (prolly gnostic) |
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Term
| Athanasius (367) Festal Letter 39 |
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Definition
4 gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John (note order)
Epsitles: 7 catholic.....puts Pauline lit in same order as in our Bible
Puts Hebrews in Paul’s writings |
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Term
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Definition
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
Says Hebrews is not in Paul’s writings.
Speaks of Jude as apostle not brother. |
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Term
| What is (are) the primary difference(s) between the issues of canonicity of the Old and canonicity of the New Testaments? |
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Definition
OT canon criteria: 1. does not contain contradictions; 2. written by prophet or one recognized as having divine authority; 3. originated through inspiration from God; 4. accepted by the Jews as authoritative material.
NT canon criteria: 1. written by an apostle of someone of recognized authority. 2. agreed with canon of truth. 3. enjoy universal acceptance. 4. has a self-authenticating divine nature |
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