Term
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Definition
| a protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph |
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Term
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Definition
| female reproductive hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that regulates the anterior pituitary by negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and are all SPECIFIC FOR THE SAME EPITOPE |
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Term
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Definition
| SHORT TERM immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands |
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Term
| cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| causes blood vessels to dilate |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal to the notochord and gives rise to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane potential is LESS negative |
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Term
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Definition
| adjacent to the kidneys, helps with stress |
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Term
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Definition
| passes from the larynx to the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| shift in the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a weblike system of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| carries nerve impulses away from the cell body |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| at the exits of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the initial adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
(1) the discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell
(2) the discharge of wastes from the fluid into the filtrate |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| releases the enzyme renin IN RESPONSE to a DROP in blood pressure or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| contaction pulls air into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| carries blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| transports air to the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense that is active immediately upon exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| gap in the myelin sheath where an action potential may be generated |
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Term
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Definition
| protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most common neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic blood vessel, exchange between blood and interstitial fluid |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
| in response to a particular antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inside become MORE negative than outside |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| a host protein that can trigger T cell responses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood from sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| isoosmotic with environment |
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Term
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Definition
| when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells and cytotoxic cells to antigens |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) valve |
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Definition
| between atrium and venticle |
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Term
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Definition
| body fluid in invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are RELAXED |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Definition
| causes ventricles to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| cell-free fluid extracted from the body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of nerve cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of PNS that regulates the internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| dendrites and clustered neuron cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by the reduction of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| blood squirts backward through a leaky valve |
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Term
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Definition
| a channel protein that facilitates osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| takes blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical signal that travels as a nongraded depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| controls its internal osmolarity independent of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder where there is no immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| surface protein that binds to antigens |
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Term
| negative pressure breathing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| difference on voltage across a cell's plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery of solutes and water |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve cell that receives info from the internal or external environment and transmits signals to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an antigen that triggers an exaggerated immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| activation of B cells, leads to the production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| the potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| clone of long-lived lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to a particular antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| receives blood then transfers to a ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| houses organelles and nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| the liquid matrix of blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a dormant state involving loss of almost all body water |
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Term
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Definition
| contracts and pumps blood |
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Term
| positive pressure breathing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by prolonged blockage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relatively nontoxic substance |
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Term
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Definition
| self-destructing white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous waste produced in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| responses for tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in reabsorption of NaCl and water, blood pressure, and volume |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of air or water over a respiratory surface |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygenated blood to body organs and back |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| neurons that connect to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen=a red blood cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an enhanced responsiveness to an action potential by a receiving neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| homeostasis of water and solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that function as antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| elicits an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder where the immune system turns against self |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| depolarization caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces histamines that trigger inflammation inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| on the ventral suface of the trachea that secretes hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extensions that receive signals from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane potential is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs |
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Term
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Definition
| cause clotting at injury site? |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder |
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Term
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Definition
| branch from trachea to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| an antigen selectively binds to and activates lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a fiber composed primarily of the bundled axons |
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Term
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Definition
| the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldotesterone system (RAAS) |
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Definition
| a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and volume |
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Term
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Definition
| death of tissues in brain, resulting from blocked arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| protein channel that allows ions to diffuse |
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Term
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| a group of neurons in the hypothalamus of mammals that functions as a biological clock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic toxic waste product |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed |
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Term
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Definition
| a heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of the end product slows the whole process |
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Term
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Definition
| generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of small proteins secreted by a number of cell types that regulate the function of other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| generate peptide fragments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that is secreted and is involved in the regulation of biological rhythms and sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| changes shape in response to a signaling molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter-depression |
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Term
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Definition
| dead-end air sac where gas exchange occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| triggers responses after being released from the synaptic terminal and diffusing across the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| end product speeds up the process |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier system |
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Definition
| active transport, generate gradients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates transport of Na and K ions in kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| reacts with meth and cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| complete development in the bone marrow and mature into effector cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| inhibits action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of substances flowing in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| insulating coat where action potentials are generated |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, skipping the sheathed regions |
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Term
| electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) |
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Definition
| electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardiac cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps blood out of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| inside of the cell is about -70 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| type of programmed cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| after action potential when neuron cannot respond |
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Term
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Definition
| i.e. human circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form of protection of antibodies (vaccination) |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
(1) the overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism
(2) the study of how energy flows through organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| inside temperature is controlled by surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| organism generates own metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted chemicals used for signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer covering of a mammal's body |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid filling the spaces in most animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of several different tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that makes homeostatic changes in the face of external fluctuation |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor that detects a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a value maintained for a particular function in the body |
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Term
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) |
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Definition
| determined while resting at a specific temperature for ectotherms |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluctuation that triggers a response |
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Term
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Definition
| a complete digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
aids in digestion of fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a pouch forming a branch of the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| mush of food in the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid transport globule |
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Term
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Definition
part of large intestine
absorbs water to form feces |
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Term
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Definition
| first section of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| splits macromolecules by adding water |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis |
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Term
| essential amino acid, fatty acid, and nutrient |
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Definition
| must be obtained from food |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of food outside of the body? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vein that runs from the small intestine to the liver |
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