Term
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Definition
| The simplest carbohydrate or simple sugar, generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O |
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Definition
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Definition
the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.
polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide's joined by glycosidic linkages |
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Term
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Definition
These 2 ring forms differ in whether the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is fixed above (beta glucose) of below (alpha glucose) the ring plane
ii. Alpha:
iii. Beta glucose: The only function of beta glucose in nature is to protect the plants cell |
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Term
| Difference between Starch and Cellulose |
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Definition
| Starch can be eaten, but cellulose is not digestible by the human body. Starch is broken down into glucose to sustain the body, but the body is not equipped with the enzymes that can break down cellulose into glucose. The enzymes which convert cellulose into glucose are found in the bodies of termites, which feed on wood, and cattle, which eat grass. Cellulose is stronger than starch. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
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Term
| Formation of a Glycosidic Bond |
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Definition
| Two simple sugars are joined by a dehydration reaction (a reaction in which water is removed). Then the C-O bonds to the C creating a COC bond |
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Term
| Components of a Fat Molecule |
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Definition
Phospholipid molecule: have 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position
Cholesterol: Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused carbon rings |
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Term
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Definition
| have 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused carbon rings, Cholesterol is also the precursor from which all other steroids are synthesized |
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Term
| Formation of an ester bond |
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Definition
| In biological molecules you find ester bonds in lipids where the carboxyl group of a fatty acid reacts with the hydroxyl group of triglycerol. |
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Term
| Difference between Saturated and unsaturated fats |
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Definition
Saturated fats: All valences of carbon are satisfied by H
Solid at room temperature Unsaturated Fats: contains double bonded carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| All valences of carbon are satisfied by H Solid at room temperature |
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Definition
contains double bonded carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| A functional proteins consists of one or more polypeptides that have been precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural support, Storage, Transport of other substances, Intercellular signaling, Movement,Defense against foreign substances Enzymes in a cell: most of proteins come from this category Regulate metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| All protein polymers are constructed from the same set of 20 monomers, called amino acids |
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Term
| Formation of a Peptide Bond |
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Definition
| i. when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O). The resulting CO-NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide |
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Term
| Primary Protein Structure |
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Definition
| its unique sequence of amino acids |
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Term
| Secondary Protein Structure |
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Definition
| results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone, bonding between peptide bonds H-N-C |
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Term
| Tertiary Protein Structures |
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Definition
has both alpha helixes and beta sheets
Bonding between r groups |
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Term
| Quaternary Protein Structures |
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Definition
| multiple polypeptide chains Covalent bonds between R-Groups |
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Term
| Components in a Nucleic Acid |
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Definition
| Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Term
| Formation of a Phosphodiester Bond |
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Definition
p. the 5th carbon is connected to the 3rd carbon forming a strong carbon
O
i) C-O-P-O-C |
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Term
| Difference between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
i. DNA: only has an H bonded to the 2nd C, uses Thymine
RNA: has a OH bonded to the 2nd C, uses Uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| A, G., Made up of a double ring structure |
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Term
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Definition
| C,T,U, Made up of only one ring |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA must be read from the 5' to the 3' end |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest object with light microscope is 500 mm. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together |
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Term
| Transmitting Electron Microscope |
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Definition
2D but can show the interior of a something, Only black and white pictures, Chamber is made out of lead., Electronic gun: spew out electrons for a second. Are at the top of lead chamber., Don't want hitting the sides, Series of Electromagnets that direct the electrons towards the specimen., Microtome: can make slices of the cell to use as a sample, Must coat sample with gold or platinum
Place sample in slot |
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Term
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Definition
Gives a 3D pictures but only the topography of the cell: outside, Cannot see the interior, Black and white
The electron gun moves |
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Term
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Definition
i. Centrifigation: Differential Centrification
1) Take cells then HOMOGENIZATION: break the plasma membrane/cell wall to release the content of the cell
a) Use mild detergent or ultrasound
b) Cytoplasmic Extract: used to see what is in the cell
c) Low speeds: 1000 rpm: the plasma membrane comes out
d) 2000 rpm: the nucleus comes out
e) 5000 rpm: the mitochondria come down
f) RNA will not come down until about 50,000 rpm |
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Term
| Differential Centrifugation |
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Definition
| Centrifuge the cells, until all that remains is the DNA, the heavier stuff falls out first |
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Term
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Definition
1) have nucleoids
2) Simple/small
3) Organelles are not membrane bound |
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Term
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Definition
1) have a defined nucleus
2) More complex/large
3) Membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| gel like, colloidal: water and lipid loving molecules, |
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Term
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Definition
double membrane system
a) Two bi-lipid layers
b) Nucleoplasmic space
c) Nucleoplasm: solution that makes us the nucleus
d) 46 pieces of DNA spread out: because of gravity DNA should go to the bottom; the way we do it is
i) Nuclear Lamina: intermediate filaments, keep DNA spread out
One. Wiry network of wires, DNA gets entangled in the wiring
e) DNA contains genes
f) Nucleolus: single membrane bound, and it has its own DNA molecules
i) Function is that this DNA codes for ribosomes and ribosomal RNA: both of these are involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
solution that makes us the nucleus
d) 46 pieces of DNA spread out: because of gravity DNA should go to the bottom; the way we do it is |
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Term
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Definition
intermediate filaments, keep DNA spread out
One. Wiry network of wires, DNA gets entangled in the wiring |
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Term
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Definition
single membrane bound, and it has its own DNA molecules
i) Function is that this DNA codes for ribosomes and ribosomal RNA: both of these are involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex,Transport Vesicle, and Plasma Membrane |
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Term
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Definition
membrane is continuously moving like a soap bubble
1) Rough: has ribosomes embedded in it: protein synthesis
a) Membrane proteins and secretory proteins
b) Cisternae: where the proteins are made
i)
2) Smooth: no ribosomes:
a) used for lipid metabolism
b) Toxic Waste removal
3) Invagination: nucleus forming the ER. |
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Term
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Definition
has ribosomes embedded in it: protein synthesis
a) Membrane proteins and secretory proteins
b) Cisternae: where the proteins are made |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
: transports molecules from point A to point B
a) Cisternae: where proteins are made
b) Protein, like insulin goes to the finger and the membranes pinch off the tip forming a transport vesicle. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a) Cis: arrival side of the golgi complex
b) Trans: departure side of complex
c) The protein pinches onto the Cis, then gets activated then pinched off of the trans side. |
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Term
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Definition
| arrival side of the golgi complex |
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Term
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Definition
| departure side of complex |
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Term
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Definition
The membranes of the nucleus and the plasma membrane are reversed
1) Because that’s the only way that the cell could survive and let proteins out.
2) The insulin black bonds with the inside black of the pm then the inside blue forms with the outside black, and the insulin is then thrown out. |
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Term
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Definition
carries out Krebs cycle- in order to make ATP
1) Has its own DNA
a) Why they can self replicate
2) Double membrane system, have nothing to do with the nucleus membrane,
a) A bacteria membrane
3) Membrane 2: is invaginated: its folded inside
a) The DNA is present in here
i) 35 to 40 genes
ii) Circular DNA
b) Embedded on the inner membrane are the enzymes required for the Krebs cycle
c) Cristae: the space between the folds of the 2nd membrane |
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Term
| Double Membrane System of mitochondria |
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Definition
, have nothing to do with the nucleus membrane,
a) A bacteria membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the folds of the 2nd membrane |
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Term
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Definition
once upon a time a bacteria
1) 2 membranes: both smooth
a) Outer:
b) Inner:
2) Grana: stacks of molecules, all grana are interconnected
3) Thylakoid: every individual circle within the grana
a) Chlorophyll pigments are embedded in the thylakoid,
b) Her light energy is converted into ATP
4) Stroma: cytoplasm inside |
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Term
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Definition
| stacks of molecules, all grana are interconnected |
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Term
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Definition
every individual circle within the grana
a) Chlorophyll pigments are embedded in the thylakoid,
b) Her light energy is converted into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
empty cylinders that are running all over cell
1) Tubulin: folded into a ball like structure, Made up of a single protein that are joined together
2) OOOOOOOOOO
3) Wrap the string around an imaginary cylinder
4) Assembly and disassembly are energy free
5) Transport: major function
6) Centrioles: when DNA is in the metaphase, centrioles are required, or you could have uneven distribution of the chromosomes
a) Microtubulin proteins in a 9-pair system
7) Movement
a) Flagella/Cilia
b) Flagella: nothing but a long extension of the plasma membrane
i) Tubulin molecules are arranged like a weave with 9 pairs of Tubulin, with one in the middle and they are all connected to the 10th one that’s in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| when DNA is in the metaphase, centrioles are required, or you could have uneven distribution of the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
nothing but a long extension of the plasma membrane
i) Tubulin molecules are arranged like a weave with 9 pairs of Tubulin, with one in the middle and they are all connected to the 10th one that’s in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| a) Microtubulin proteins in a 9-pair circled around 2 system |
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Term
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Definition
a single wiring,
a) Functions
i) Shape, or change shape
(a) Macrophages pick up foreign agents
ii) Cytoplasmic streaming in plants
b) Actin protein OOOOOOOOOOOO |
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Term
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Definition
a) In between a microtubule and microfilaments
b) A rope like structure
c) Permanent part of a cell: never broken an reformed |
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Term
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Definition
are smaller hair like structures extending out
(a) High energy required for it to move: ATP |
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Term
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Definition
a) Plasmodeometa: like gap junctions
a) No cells in plants that do not communicate with each other
b) The plasma membrane of one joins to the plasma membrane of another
c) Entire plant shares cytoplasm: call cytoplasmic streaming |
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Term
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Definition
: selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a) Cellulose is made inside the cell then thrown out, then slowly the primary layer starts forming, as the cell ages the cell wall thickens |
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Term
| Extracellular matrix protein and Glycoproteins |
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Definition
a) The space between 2 cells
i. 80% is made up of Glycoprotein: sugar + protein combination: more protein
ii. Proteoglycan: also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar
iii. Collagen: about 40% of human weight
iv. Fibronectin: common glycoprotein that connect collagen to plasma membrane
v. Integrin protein: helps communication between the ECM and the interior cell |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar + protein combination: more protein |
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Term
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Definition
| also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| also means protein and sugar combination: more sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| common glycoprotein that connect collagen to plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| helps communication between the ECM and the interior cell |
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Term
| Junctions in Animal cells |
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Definition
a) Gap Junction: selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication
b) Tight Junction: no communication
c) Desmosomes: or anchor junctions:
i) Like skin cells
ii) The cells are all connected together, they are always in contact |
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Term
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Definition
selective
i) Very specific only let a certain type of molecule through
ii) Open communication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
or anchor junctions:
i) Like skin cells
ii) The cells are all connected together, they are always in contact |
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Term
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Definition
a) Originate from the golgi complex
b) Lysosome: has a single black membrane like the outer membrane of nucleus
i) Has a digestive enzymes that break down all macromolecules
i) pH= 3
ii) Very acidic
c) Peroxysomes: an organelle that is responsible for the removal of hydrogen ions
i) Enzyme that converts 2H2O2 into water and oxygen
d) Vacuoles: 3 varieties
i) Storage: where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts
ii) Central: seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole
iii) Contractile Vacuole: seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
has a single black membrane like the outer membrane of nucleus
i) Has a digestive enzymes that break down all macromolecules
i) pH= 3
ii) Very acidic |
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Term
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Definition
an organelle that is responsible for the removal of hydrogen ions
i) Enzyme that converts 2H2O2 into water and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
3 varieties
i) Storage: where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts
ii) Central: seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole
iii) Contractile Vacuole: seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
where we store, varieties of molecules
i) Starch: leucoplast
ii) Pigments: Chromoplasts |
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Term
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Definition
seen only in plants
i) All plants cells have this.
ii) When it is dehydrated the vacuole is small but when water is added the membrane of vacuole fills up like balloon
iii) Tonoplast: membrane of vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
seen only in marine organisms, those that live in water.
i) Like a pump, ATP requiring pump that pumps excess water out of the cell |
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Term
| a. What types of molecules can pass through the plasma membrane unaided? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| b. What types of molecules need transport proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| c. What are two physical methods for transport? |
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Definition
| Passive and Active Transport |
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Term
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Definition
| a) The flow of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
| What is a concentration gradient |
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Definition
| a) The way the diffusion is flowing |
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Term
| What is the difference between passive and active transport? |
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Definition
| a) Passive transport requires no ATP while active transport does |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
high solute
i) More on the outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
low solute
i) Less solute on the outside than on the inside |
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Term
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Definition
equal solute
i) Equal on the inside and the outside of the cell
ii) Healthiest Condition for the animal cell
iii) Plant: then it is a Flacid Cells: what happens when the plant droops/sags,
One. No water is coming in or going out |
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Term
| What happens if Animal and plant cells are placed in a hypertonic solution |
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Definition
i) Causes cell death: the water leaks out of the cell
ii) Plasmolysis: plant cell can come back to life unless all of the liquid is drawn out |
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Term
| What happens if plant and animal cells are placed in a hypotonic solution |
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Definition
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Term
| What is facillitated solution |
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Definition
| use of proteins to move stuff into the cell, high con. To low con. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for moving ions across, Signal: neurotransmitter signal will bond to a receptor and the gate will open, when the signal is destroyed the gate will close |
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Term
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Definition
| transports only one molecule across, Very specific |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| those where one molecule moves inside another one moves out, at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the exact opposite, the solute moves from an area of low to area of high, therefore against the gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sodium outside is high and inside is low
2. Potassium outside is low, and inside is high
3. Automatically sodium is going to start rushing into the cell, along the gradient, and slowly the sodium concentration is rising
4. The moment it goes beyond a certain number the pumps is activated
5. Pump is an inverted V, made up of 2 polypeptide chains
6. 3 sodium ions will bond to one face of the inverted V
7. In order to throw out ATP is needed
One. AMP-Phosphate--(energy stored in this bond)--Phosphate
8. Break the ATP into ADP +Pi, and the Pi comes to bind onto the pump,
One. This causes it to become a regular V: CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE
9. The 3 sodium gets thrown out, and 2 potassium ions bind onto the other face of the quaternary protein, and the V goes back to its original shape and releasing the potassium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of water an animal cell can take before it bursts |
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Term
| What is the electrochemical gradient |
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Definition
| a spatial variation of both electrical potential and chemical concentration across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| H+ is low inside the cell (7.6 pH), H+ outside is high, Basically the same protocol, All cells have a diffuser as well as a pump that works against the diffuser |
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Term
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Definition
| make use of the hydrogen diffuser to bring monomers into our cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a process where cells absorb material from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, solid material, Sends out cytoskeleton extensions covers it and brings it into the cell, Then the starch will be broken down into glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| exact same thing as phagocytosis but it is engulfing a liquid |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| Specific pickup: Receptors, Plasmas membrane are covered with receptors, Liver |
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Term
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Definition
| anything being picked up in the receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The phospholipid is the fluid part of the plasma membrane, The proteins are the mosiac part |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral Movement of the Phospholipids, Presence of Unsaturated fatty acids, Cholesterol |
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