Stimulus Control

Tendency of a behavior to occur more frequently in the presence of a particular stimulus (the SD) because the behavior has been reinforced only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus

Discriminative Stimulus

Antecedent stimulus which evokes or abates an operant because in its presence the relation between the Bx and an effective consequence was different from what it was in its absence

Types of Discriminative Stimuli

SD, Sdelta, SDP

SD

Evoke behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in its presence

SDelta

Suppress or abate behavior because in the past that behavior has been extinguished in its presence

SDP

Suppress or abate behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency of a learned response to occur in the presence of stimuli which were NOT present during training but which either have some SIMILAR physical properties to or have been associated with the SD

Stimulus Generalization

Same response; Different stimuli

Response Generalization

AKA Induction; the spread of the effects of reinforcement and other procedures to other response classes which have not been reinforced

Response Generalization

Same stimuli; different responses

Motivating Operation

Antecedent operation that has two effects

Motivating Operation

Value-altering effect – momentarily alters (increases/decreases) the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer or a punisher

Motivating Operation

Behavior-altering effect – alter the momentary frequency of any behavior that has been reinforced or punished by the stimulus whose value has been altered by that same MO.

Motivating Operation

4 subtypes:

EOs related to reinforcement

AOs related to reinforcement

EOs related to punishment

AOs related to punishment

EOs related to reinforcement

MOs that increase the value of other events as forms of reinforcement.  Evoke the type of Bx which has been reinforced by those events in the past

AOs related to reinforcement

MOs which decrease the value of other events as forms of reinforcement.  Abate the type of Bx which has been reinforced by those events in the past

EOs related to punishment

MOs which increase the value of other events as forms of punishment.  Abate the type of Bx which has been punished by those events in the past

AOs related to punishment

MOs which decrease the value of other events as forms of punishment.  Evoke the type of Bx which has been punished by those events in the past.

Unconditioned Motivating Operations

Events, operations, and stimulus conditions whose reinforcer-establishing effects are unlearned, but the Bx evoked by the MO is usually learned

UMOs

Two most basic:

Deprivation (UEO)

Satiation (UAO)

9 main UMOs

1-5

Five deprivation and satiation UMOs: food, water, sleep, activity, & oxygen

UMOs

6

UMOs related to sex

UMOs

7-8

Two UMOs related to being too cold or too warm

UMOs

9

UMO consisting of onset or magnification of painful stimulation

Negative Reinforcement

The onset of painful stimulation establishes the reduction or offset of this stimulation as an effective form of reinforcement and evokes the Bx that achieved such reduction/offset

Conditioned Motivating Operations

CMOs

Variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of other events but only as a result of the individual organism’s history

Surrogate CMO

Acquire the properties of an MO through pairing

Reflexive CMO

Correlated with either a worsening or improving condition.  Threat or Promise CMOS

Threat Reflexive CMO

Correlated with a worsening condition.  Function as an EO for negative reinforcement and evoke behavior that terminates the event

Threat Reflexive CMO

Function as a warning stimulus that evokes an avoidance response and establishes the termination of the warning stimulus as conditioned negative reinforcement

Transitive CMO

An event which establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes and thus establishes that second stimulus as a reinforcer

Transitive CMO

“In order to get from here to there you need something else”

Omnibus Term

Terms that cover various functions of stimuli at once.  Refer to a stimulus that has multiple functions

Aversive Stimulus

An omnibus term that has various functions

Aversive Stimulus

Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it.

EO for negative reinforcement

Aversive Stimulus

Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset

Positive punisher

Aversive Stimulus

Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset

Negative reinforcer

Aversive Stimulus

It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses

UE or CE

Appetitive Stimulus

An omnibus term that has various functions

Appetitive Stimulus

Its Onset strengthens Bx that precedes its onset

Appetitive Stimulus

Its Offset weakens Bx that precedes its offset

Appetitive Stimulus

It abates Bx that removes it

Appetitive Stimulus

It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses

Behavior Chain

A complex behavior consisting of two or more response components that occur in definite order

Behavior Chain

A specific sequence of responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition