Term
|
Definition
| drugs that influence subjective experience and behaviour by acting on the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how well a drug reaches its target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure to one drug can cause tolerance to other drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "inverse tolerance" - exposure to some drugs can cause increased sensitivity to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes that result in less drug reaching the active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes that reduce the reactivity of active sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness brought on by the removal of of a drug from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a person experiences withdrawal upon cessation of drug use |
|
|
Term
| compensatory body changes |
|
Definition
| body adjusts to function normally when a drug is present, compensatory changes manifest as withdrawl symptoms once drug use is stopped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the demonstration that drug tolerance only develops to drug effects taht are experienced |
|
|
Term
| stimuli that predict conditioned drug use |
|
Definition
extroceptive stimuli - environment
introceptive stimuli - thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest pain, laboured breathing, wheezing, coughing, & increased susceptibility to respiratory infections brought on by smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal fetal development. miscarriage, stillbirth, early child death - caused by substance use during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Marchiafava-bignami disease |
|
Definition
| demylenation of the corpus callosum - caused by chronic alcohol use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thiamine deficiency, leads to korsakoffs syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-3 days of high dose cocaine intake, can cause cocaine psychosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, nociceptin |
|
|
Term
| physical dependence theory of addiction |
|
Definition
substance dependence is caused by negative withdrawal symptoms
problem: detoxified addicts with no withdrawal symptoms still relapse |
|
|
Term
| positive-incentive theory of addiction |
|
Definition
| addiction is caused by craving a drugs incentive value |
|
|
Term
| incentive-sensitization theory of addiction |
|
Definition
sensitization to positive incentive value causes addiction.
hedonic value initially linked to drug use, tolerance to hedonic value leads to addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stress, drug priming, environmental cues |
|
|
Term
| brain pleasure centres (3) |
|
Definition
| septum, lateral hypothalamus, mesotelencephalic dopamine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficit in language production or comprehension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to correctly imitate hand gestures & voluntary tool use |
|
|
Term
| sodium amytal test for selective hemisphere silencing |
|
Definition
| inject sodium amytal into left or right hemisphere, ipsilateral side anaesthetized, contralateral side not anaesthetized |
|
|
Term
| dichotic listening test for language lateralization |
|
Definition
| recall as many as possible of 6 digits simultaneously spoken, 3 to each ear. greater digit recall to dominant side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indirect means for one hemisphere to find what the other "knows" in split brain patients.
eg. facial feedback, right hemisphere might make face frown when left guesses wrong answer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when presented with two different visual stimuli, the hand that "knows" the correct answer my correct the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| split brain hemispheres can search for a target in an array faster than intact controls |
|
|
Term
| analytic synthetic theory of lateralization |
|
Definition
left hemisphere = analytical thinking
right hemisphere = synthetic thinking
hard to test/prove |
|
|
Term
| motor theory of lateralization |
|
Definition
| left hemisphere = fine movements |
|
|
Term
| motor theory of speech perception |
|
Definition
words activate speech comprehension as well as motor areas.
other primates use extensive "vocabulary" of hand gestures |
|
|
Term
| Brocas area function & effects of damage |
|
Definition
Function - speech production
damage - causes expressive aphasia, speech is meaningful but awkward |
|
|
Term
| wernickes area funtion & effects of damage |
|
Definition
function - speech comprehension
damage - causes conduction aphasia, poor comprehension, speech sounds normal but has no meaning. "word salad" |
|
|
Term
| arcuate fasciculus function |
|
Definition
connects broca and wernicke's areas
damage does not affect speech comprehension or production |
|
|
Term
| left angular gyrus damage |
|
Definition
| causes alexia (unable to understand written words) and agraphia (inability to communicate through writing) |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke-greshwind model pathways (words read & speech heard) |
|
Definition
Words read:
visual cortex -> angular gyrus -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> primary motor cortex
speech heard:
auditory cortex -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> primary motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reading difficulties due to some other deficit, i.e. not problem with vision or intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reading by using stored information about words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reading by sounding out words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lexical process lost, cannot recognize words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phonetic procedure lost, cannot sound out words |
|
|
Term
| adrenal medulla releases: |
|
Definition
| epinephrine & norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steroids: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortisol & corticosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aldosterone & androsterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhanced immune function caused by acute and controllable stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired immune function caused by chronic stress, repeated acute stress, and uncontrollable stress |
|
|
Term
| Common sense theory of emotions |
|
Definition
| stimulus -> emotional response -> autonomic/skeletal response |
|
|
Term
| James Lange theory of emotions |
|
Definition
| Stimulus -> autonomic/skeletal response -> emotional response |
|
|
Term
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotions |
|
Definition
| stimulus -> elicits both emotional and autonomic/skeletal responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cats with removed cortex elicit aggressive responses to the slightest stimulus.
removal of hypothalamus stops sham rage
implicates hypothalamus in aggressive responses and cortex in inhibiting aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare neurological condition characterized by: urge to put things in mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behaviour, visual distractability.
results from bilateral damage to amygdala |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one emotion = one pattern of ANS activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one emotion = same pattern of ANS activation |
|
|
Term
| 6 primary facial expressions + 3 new |
|
Definition
surprise
anger
sadness
disgust
fear
happiness
contempt
embarrassment
pride |
|
|
Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
|
Definition
| facial expressions influence our emotional experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief facial expressions reveal true emotions |
|
|
Term
| duchenne smile vs fake smile |
|
Definition
duchenne = mouth & eyes both involved
fake = only mouth or eyes involved, or eyes are delayed |
|
|
Term
| factors influencing aggression (7) |
|
Definition
1. neurobiological - (hormonal, neurochemical)
2. genetic & epigenetic
3. evolutionary
4. developmental - (family & socialization)
5. cognitive characteristics - (individual experience)
6. situational - (cultural, socioeconomic)
7. environmental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stalking & killing of prey of other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unprovoked aggression against own species, establishes social hierarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defence against social aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attacks launched by animals when cornered or threatened, either by other species or own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responses used to avoid attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviours by which a mother protects her young |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviours preformed in order to obtain specific information that helps animal defend themselves more effectively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rodents bury dangerous objects with dirt or sand |
|
|
