Term
| Cations are ions with what kind of electrical charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| This portion of a phospholipid contains phosphate |
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Definition
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Term
| The equilibrium potential of which ion is more negative than the resting potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| which substances span the phospholipid bilayer to form ion channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, the neuronal membrane is mostly permeable to |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| Depolarization of the membrane means that the membrane potential is moving |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, which ion is more concentrated on the inside of the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Death by lethal injection is usually accomplished by injection of which substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes take up which ions when their extracellular levels become too high? |
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Definition
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Term
| The adding together of EPSP's generated by different synapses occurring at the same time is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are inhibitory neurotransmitters, EXCEPT: (GABA, Glycine, Glutamate) |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmitter-gated channels of most inhibitory synapses are typically only permeable to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft is done by means of reuptake for all of the following neurotransmitter types, EXCEPT (amines, amino acids, Peptides) |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurotransmitter is dumped into the synaptic cleft by the process of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| For an EPSP to be most effective, it should occur |
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Definition
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Term
| which receptors are responsible for faster chemical synapses? |
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Definition
| Transmitter-gated ion channel receptors |
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Term
| CNS (Central Nervous System) |
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Definition
| regions of the nervous system protected by bone, the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) |
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Definition
| made up of the somatic and visceral (autonomic) systems. The visceral is broken into the parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| in the CNS, containes the neuronal cell bodies, gray matter is on the outside of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| in the CNS, containes the axons of the neurons. the white matter is on the inside of the brain |
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Term
| Types of cells in the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| The problem with visualizing neurons |
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Definition
| they are very small (.01-.05mm) and the brain is very soft |
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Term
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Definition
| the microscopic study of tissue structure |
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Term
| How are histologists able to study the brain? |
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Definition
| they harden the brain in formaldehyde and use a microtome to make thin sections of the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of basic dyes that stain the somata of neurons named for its discoverer, shows the grey matter well |
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Term
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Definition
| Camillo Golgi discovered that soaking the brain in a silver chromate solution stains a small number of neurons in their entirety, clearly hsows a cell's body and the thin appendages radiating from it |
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Term
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Definition
| the central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or perikayon |
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Term
| How many axons does a neuron have? |
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Definition
| A neuron only has one axon but may have many dendrites |
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Term
| Bringing a neuron to threshold by activating several different excitatory synapses all at the same time is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
| How is information coded for in the nervous system? |
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Definition
| the frequency of action potentials |
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Term
| What does an axon that conducts action potentials via salutatory conduction have that is unique from axons that do not conduct via salutatory conduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The presynaptic neuron fires at 10 action potentials per second, and the postsynaptic cell does not fire an action potential. However, when the same presynaptic neuron fires APs at 20 per second, the post synaptic cell fires. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| From which embryonic structure is the cerebral cortex derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of the meninges is closest to the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which factors are important in determining of action potential conduction velocity? |
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Definition
| axon diameter and myelination |
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Term
| Glia participate in all of the following EXCEPT: (myelinating axons; removing debris; synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitter; acting as the glue that keeps the brain together) |
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Definition
| synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Which of the following is not found in an axon terminal? (mitochondria; synaptic vesicles; rough ER, protein kinase; secretory granules) |
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Definition
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Term
| The nervous system develops from which of the three embryonic layers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What region of the central nervous system is caudal to the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of the CNS that is the most primitive and is concerned with life-sustaining functions: |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of axon carries motor information from the CNS to the periphery: |
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Definition
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Term
| The midbrain contains which of these structures? (Medulla, Thalamus, Tectum, Cerebellum) |
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Definition
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Term
| This anatomical reference refers to the "same side" |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following stuctures is part of the metencephalon? (cerebral cortex, medulla, cerebellum and pons, thalamus) |
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Definition
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Term
| The spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following structures is part of the myelencephalon? (medulla, tegmentum, tectum, thalamus) |
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Definition
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Term
| This meningeal covering is closest to the suface of the brain: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the neurites of different cells are fused together to form a continuous reticulum or network similar to the arteries and veins of the circulatory system |
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Term
| The Neuron Doctrine (Cajal) |
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Definition
| the concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, not continuity |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various parts of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid inside the cell, salty and potassium rich |
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Term
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Definition
| everything contained within a neuron, except the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that encloses the neuron and separates it from the outside world |
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Term
| What organelles are in the soma of a neuron? |
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Definition
| nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| contains chromosomes that contain DNA. DNA does not leave the nucleus |
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Term
| The final product of gene expression is |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Protein Synthesis take place? |
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Definition
| 1.The DNA writes down the directions called transcription 2.The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a site where protein synthesis takes place 3.At protein synthesis site, mRNA is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order, in order to make proteins called translation |
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Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| consists of stacks of membrane dotted with little balls known as ribosomes. The presence of the balls gives the rough appearance. RER is the principle site of protein synthesis, also known as Nissl stains |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to make proteins that are destined for the cell membrane or another organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to make proteins that are destined to be in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| have no ribosomes on them, perform different functions, fold proteins, regulate concentrations of substances in the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| another stack of membranes, site of post-translational protein processing, site of protein sorting |
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Term
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Definition
| site of the Krebs cycle and ATP production, the chemical energy stored in ATP is necessary for most biochemical reactions occurring in the neuron |
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Term
| Three components of the Cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Microtubules (tubulin protein), Microfilaments (actin protein), Neurofilaments (strongest of the three |
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Term
| The axon begins with a region called the |
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Definition
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Term
| How are axons different from the soma? |
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Definition
| the axon contains no RER or free ribosomes, the protein composition of the axonal membrane is fundamentally different |
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Term
| The end of the axon is known as the |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of material along the axon is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of axoplasmic transport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of material from the soma to the terminal, protein kinase is required |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of material from the terminal to the soma, protein dynein is required |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons with lond axons projecting from one part of the brain to another, also known as projection neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons with short axons that do not leave the vicinity of the soma, also known as local circuit neurons |
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Term
| The two fundamental types of Glia are |
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Definition
| astrocytes, and myelinating glia (schwann and ogliodendrocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| most numerous of the glia cells, regulates the chemical content of the extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinates several axons in the CNS, found in the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinates single axons in the PNS |
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Term
| What is unique to neurons than other cells in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What actually conducts the action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials are said to have |
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Definition
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| at rest, the inside of the neuron has a negative electrical charge relative to the outside of the neuron |
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Term
| Two components of the Cytosol and extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| water, ions (atoms or molecule tha thave a net electric charge) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride |
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Term
| The head of the phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| contains phosphate, hydrophillic |
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Term
| The tail of a phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| contains hydrocarbon, hydrophobic |
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