Term
The ____ of neurons most strongly differentiate them from other cells in the body.
a. temperature.
b. osmotic pressure.
c. mitochondria.
d. shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system?
a. oligodendrocytes
b. astrocytes
c. Schwann cells
d. radial glia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following brain imaging techniques does NOT provide a functional measure of brain activity?
a. MEG
b. MRI
c. fMRI
d. EEG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests there is a(n) ____ explanation.
a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. behavioral
d. physiological |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:
a. nodes of Ranvier.
b. myelin synapses.
c. interpeduncular nuclei.
d. presynaptic terminals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A neuron can have any number of ____, but no more than one ____.
a. dendrite; cell bodies
b. dendrite; axons
c. axon; dendrites
d. cell body; axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Professor Jones suggests that the fright you experience when confronted by a burglar is the same thing as the pattern of activity in your brain at that time. What form of monism is this?
a. identify position
b. mentalism
c. law of conservation
d. mentality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?
a. dendrites and axons
b. ribosomes and lysosomes
c. neurons and glia
d. neurons and axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons.
a. sodium
b. glucose
c. fats
d. complex carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which function is NOT performed by glia?
a. removing waste materials
b. directly transmitting information
c. building myelin sheaths
d. guiding the growth of axons and dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) ____ neuron.
a. afferent
b. intrinsic (inter-)
c. Purkinje
d. efferent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____.
a. temporal lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. gray matter
d. hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Computerized axial tomography creates an image from:
a. infrared rays.
b. microwaves.
c. gamma rays.
d. x-rays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Descartes, the Pineal Gland is ____ .
a. the seat of the mind
b. where the mind and brain interact
c. the seat of memory
d. not important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?
a. All neurons were of similar size and shape.
b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon.
c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron.
d. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The insulating material which covers many vertebrate axons is called the:
a. dendrite.
b. myelin sheath.
c. cell body or soma.
d. presynaptic terminal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following contributed most to Cajal's ability to find that neurons are separate from one another?
a. Perves & Hadley's dye injection method
b. Camillo Golgi's cell staining method
c. Galileo's invention of the telescope
d. Charles Sherrington's study of reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:
a. synthesizes new proteins.
b. breaks down harmful chemicals.
c. performs metabolic activities.
d. transports proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the brain does not have enough thiamine, what is it unable to do?
a. pump glucose across the blood-brain barrier
b. metabolize glucose
c. maintain its blood-brain barrier
d. produce certain neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The belief that everything that exists is physical is:
a. mentalism.
b. Descartism.
c. materialism.
d. dualism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as:
a. neurology.
b. phrenology.
c. scientology.
d. psychology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses to muscle or gland cells?
a. motor neurons
b. dendritic spines
c. dendrites
d. sensory neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although Rene Descartes was a dualist, what troubled him most about the mind-brain relationship?
a. that we can't see mental events
b. how a physical brain could act on a physical body
c. how an immaterial mind could influence a physical brain
d. that no one agreed with his ideas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemicals than cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:
a. gaps in the myelin sheath.
b. specialized protein channels.
c. a Golgi complex.
d. the endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of explanation describes how a structure or behavior develops?
a. physiological
b. ontogenetic
c. evolutionary
d. functional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In certain species of songbirds, development of the song requires the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period in life as well as the genes to prepare them to learn the song. This is a(n) ____ explanation of birdsong.
a. ontogenetic
b. evolutionary
c. physiological
d. functional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A psychiatrist:
a. performs brain surgery.
b. treats people with brain damage.
c. helps people with emotional distress.
d. relates behaviors to the functions they have served in their evolutionary past. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?
a. an endoplasmic wall
b. a threshold
c. a blood-brain barrier
d. a differential-drug inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.
a. radio glia; schwann cells
b. schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
c. microglia; oligodendrocytes
d. oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n):
a. MRI.
b. PET scan.
c. CAT scan.
d. EEG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dualism is the belief that:
a. mind and body are one and the same.
b. mind and body are different in substance.
c. mind is an accidental byproduct of brain functioning.
d. the mind does not exist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a person believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person’s mood, then it would be considered a(n) ____ explanation.
a. functional
b. evolutionary
c. physiological
d. ontogenetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell membrane is comprised of two layers of:
a. protein.
b. fat.
c. carbohydrate.
d. plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Radial glia:
a. synchronize the activity of axons.
b. guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development.
c. wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons.
d. build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As a general rule, where do axons convey information?
a. toward dendrites of their own cell
b. toward their own cell body
c. away from their own cell body
d. to surrounding glia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called:
a. dendrites.
b. sensory neurons.
c. axons.
d. motor neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Solipsism is the position that:
a. I alone have consciousness.
b. people experience consciousness.
c. neither dualism nor monism is correct.
d. it is difficult to know whether other people have conscious experiences. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A monist believes that mind and body are:
a. two distinct entities, with no connection whatsoever.
b. the same thing.
c. separate but overlapping.
d. separate but they interact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A lesion is:
a. an area of brain next to a blood vessel.
b. a fluid-filled space in the brain.
c. a cell that lines the surface of a ventricle.
d. an area that has been damaged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Chalmers, knowing why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness is the:
a. hard problem.
b. mentalistic debate.
c. problem of other minds.
d. easy problem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene. What can be concluded about the parents?
a. Each parent is also homozygous for the recessive gene.
b. Each parent is heterozygous.
c. One parent is homozygous for the dominant gene; the other is homozygous for the recessive gene.
d. Each parent is either homozygous for the recessive gene or heterozygous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimized by following a particular diet?
a. Down syndrome
b. color-blindness
c. epilepsy
d. phenylketonuria (PKU) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to evolution?
a. "If you don't use it, you lose it."
b. Evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce.
c. Evolution benefits the species, in the long run.
d. Evolution benefits the individual. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The phrase "If you don't use it, you lose it" best represents ____?
a. Lamarckian evolution
b. Darwinian evolution
c. Artificial evolution
d. Huxley’s evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When you state that the neuron's membrane is polarized, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between:
a. the axons and the dendrites.
b. the axon hillock and the cell body.
c. sodium ions and potassium ions.
d. the inside and the outside of the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside?
a. -70 millivolts
b. +10 millivolts
c. 0 millivolts
d. +90 millivolts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Allowing only certain people to cross the street, and only at certain times. is comparable to a neuron’s ____ with respect to ions.
a. threshold of excitation
b. all-or-none law
c. resting potential
d. selective permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the sodium channels:
a. permit sodium ions to pass quickly and easily.
b. permit potassium ions to cross instead of sodium.
c. are closed.
d. fluctuate rapidly between open and closed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The concentration gradient for potassium tends to:
a. draw potassium into the cell.
b. push chloride out of the cell.
c. push sodium out of the cell.
d. push potassium out of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT true for sodium ions when the cell is at resting potential?
a. Sodium ions remain outside the cell because the sodium- potassium pump drives them out.
b. Sodium gates are tightly closed.
c. Sodium tends to be driven into the neuron by the concentration gradient.
d. Sodium tends to be driven out of the neuron by the electrical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?
a. Hyperpolarization
b. Depolarization
c. an action potential
d. a threshold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If there is a depolarizing effect on a neuron, the result will be that the neuron will fire:
|
a.
|
no matter how slight the effect.
|
|
b.
|
forever.
|
|
c.
|
only if it reaches threshold.
|
|
d.
|
only if the cell is in its relative refractory period.
|
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following actions would depolarize a neuron?
a. decreasing membrane permeability to calcium
b. increasing membrane permeability to potassium
c. decreasing membrane permeability to sodium
d. increasing membrane permeability to sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?
a. Sodium ions enter the cell.
b. Potassium ions enter the cell.
c. Potassium ions leave the cell.
d. Sodium ions travel down the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Local anesthetic drugs, such as Novocain, work by:
a. opening the potassium gates.
b. blocking the sodium gates.
c. inactivating the sodium-potassium pump.
d. decreasing blood flow to certain areas of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
a. gates in the membrane that admit all ions freely
b. gaps in the myelin sheath
c. branching points in an axon
d. places where dendrites join the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant?
a. in the areas covered by myelin
b. at the nodes of Ranvier
c. throughout the axon
d. only in the axon hillock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Saltatory conduction ____ the velocity of action potentials, and ____ the amount of energy used by the neuron.
a. decreases; decreases
b. decreases; increases
c. increases; decreases
d. increases; increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:
a. temporal summation
b. spatial summation
c. synaptic summation
d. saltatory summation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Spatial summation refers to:
a. multiple weak stimulations that occur in rapid succession.
b. a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation.
c. multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time.
d. an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at the same time as flexor muscles?
a. the ligaments and tendons that bind them together
b. learned patterns of coordination in the cerebral cortex
c. inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord
d. Both muscles are controlled by different branches of the same axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by:
a. applying adrenaline directly to the heart muscle.
b. collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart and measuring that heart rate.
c. measuring the speed of a dog's reflexes while the dog was under the influence of various drugs.
d. applying an extract of marijuana in eye drops and discovering that it dilated the pupils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:
a. amino acids.
b. nitric oxide.
c. sugars.
d. carbohydrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vesicles are located:
a. in postsynaptic terminals.
b. in dendrites.
c. in presynaptic terminals.
d. outside of the neuron in the extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.
a. chloride
b. bicarbonate
c. calcium
d. oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron?
a. the speed the action potential traveled down the axon
b. the number of branches of the presynaptic axon
c. the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
d. the distance between the synapse and the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does it mean to say that acetylcholine exerts ionotropic effects?
a. It opens gates for a particular ion.
b. It alters the permeability of the presynaptic neuron.
c. It increases the concentration of ions within the vesicles.
d. It changes the electrical charge of sodium ions from positive to negative. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following characterizes ionotropic effects?
a. rapid, short-lived effects
b. rapid, long lasting effects
c. excitatory only
d. inhibitory only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which effect is consistently associated with a "second messenger"?
a. ionotropic
b. metabotropic
c. inhibitory
d. excitatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.
a. hormone
b. neurotransmitter
c. neuromodulator
d. endocrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Suppose you were bitten by a black widow spider whose venom increases the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal. Which of the following treatments would be most effective?
a. bite the spider back
b. increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase
c. decrease reuptake
d. increase the activity of COMT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What would be the effect of a drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?
a. prolonged action of acetylcholine at its synapses
b. decreased duration of action of acetylcholine at its synapses
c. decreased synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell
d. increased synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?
a. blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
b. stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
c. blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters
d. interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
a. blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
b. stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
c. blocking the postsynaptic receptors
d. mimicking enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a drug binds to a particular receptor, it is said to:
a. increase the synthesis of the neurotransmitter used at that receptor.
b. decrease the synthesis of the neurotransmitter used at that receptor.
c. stimulate breakdown at that receptor.
d. have an affinity for that type of receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?
a. its affinity for the receptor
b. its efficacy
c. the neurotransmitter than normally attaches to that receptor
d. its electrical charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the synapse, cocaine:
a. increases the synthesis of dopamine.
b. blocks the breakdown of dopamine.
c. accelerates the breakdown of dopamine.
d. blocks the reuptake of dopamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The main difference between methylphenidate (Ritalin), when taken as a medication for attention deficit disorder, and cocaine, when taken as a drug of abuse, is that methylphenidate
a. inhibits receptors that cocaine excites.
b. produces the same effects more slowly.
c. attaches to a different set of receptors.
d. increases metabolic rate whereas cocaine decreases it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter?
a. glutamate
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d. acetylcholine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Early in development, the nervous system begins as a:
a. tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity.
b. spherical structure in the center of the embryo.
c. diffuse system of cells scattered throughout the body.
d. single layer of cells covering the heart and other internal organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the production of new neurons called?
a. differentiation
b. migration
c. myelination
d. proliferation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes?
a. migration
b. proliferation
c. myelination
d. synaptogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development?
a. altering the chemical paths
b. damaging dendrites
c. loss of myelin
d. increased differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The formation of a neuron’s distinctive shape occurs during the ____ stage of neurogenesis.
a. proliferation
b. migration
c. differentiation
d. myelination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called?
a. differentiation
b. migration
c. myelination
d. proliferation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most successful axons. This general principle is called:
a. natural selection.
b. evolution.
c. apoptosis.
d. neural Darwinism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?
a. Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form and that number perfectly matches the connections required.
b. If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.
c. We are born with all connections formed.
d. Connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is TRUE about taste receptors?
a. Their dendrites extend outside the taste buds.
b. They are virtually nonexistent in the center of the tongue.
c. Each taste bud contains only one receptor cell.
d. Humans have hundreds of types of taste receptors, each sensitive to a different set of chemicals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rats and mice are better able to discriminate odors than humans because they:
a. have a greater variety of olfactory receptors.
b. are closer to the ground.
c. have more practice.
d. have shorter olfactory cilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pheromones are important for the ____ behaviors of many mammalian species.
a. food-getting
b. sexual
c. temperature-regulating
d. conscious, intentional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mirror neurons are active when:
a. playing the piano.
b. viewing mirror images.
c. watching others perform movements.
d. identifying ourselves in the mirror. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?
a. contractors and muscle spindles
b. muscle spindles and extensors
c. extensors and contractors
d. muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrocephalus is usually associated with:
a. a lack of nutrition.
b. an obstruction of the flow of CSF.
c. an excess of hormones.
d. a constriction of the skull bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
a. control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
b. control of organs in the affected body area
c. sensation from the affected body area
d. control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks:
a. are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans.
b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina.
c. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina.
d. have no discernible fovea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a factor in color vision deficiency?
a. complete absence of one of the types of cones
b. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
c. low numbers of a particular type of cone
d. elongated shape of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to:
a. electromagnetic energy.
b. vestibular input.
c. chemicals.
d. mechanical displacement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hippocampus plays a major role in:
a. memory.
b. secretion of hormones.
c. innate sexual behavior.
d. temperature regulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Damage to the ____ often causes people to lose their social inhibitions and to ignore the rules of polite conduct.
a. striate cortex
b. prefrontal cortex
c. Cerebellum
d. corpus callosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
a. Ganglion
b. Column
c. Lamina
d. Tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
a. limbic system
b. thalamus
c. basal ganglia
d. reticular formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
a. 12
b. 16
c. 10
d. 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:
a. velocity of the action potential.
b. absolute activity of a single cone.
c. difference between cone and rod activity.
d. relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tissue Plasminogen activator (tPA):
a. overstimulates glutamate receptors.
b. is helpful in cases of ischemia.
c. should be administered a few days after stroke.
d. is recommended for hemorrhage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if:
a. they cross their right hand over to the left side of their body.
b. you touch their right hand.
c. look to the right.
d. they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____.
a. location/shape
b. shape/location
c. duration/meaning
d. meaning/duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pain receptors of the skin are:
a. simple, bare neuron endings.
b. elaborate neuron endings.
c. also known as Meissner's corpuscles.
d. also known as Ruffini endings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Children with ____ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror neurons.
a. polio
b. autism
c. MS
d. ADHD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:
a. a greater rod to cone ratio.
b. larger blind spots.
c. better peripheral vision.
d. a greater cone to rod ratio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
a. They use more than one neurotransmitter.
b. They are replaceable when old neurons die.
c. They have no axons.
d. They have more than one axon each. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a tree branch is cut, the surrounding branches may grow enough to fill in the empty space left by the missing branch. When this same type of event occurs in the nervous system following brain damage, it is called:
a. collateral sprouting.
b. denervation supersensitivity.
c. tree branching.
d. hemiplegia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?
a. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not.
b. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds.
c. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds.
d. Neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Magnocellular cells are to ____ as parvocellular cells are to ____.
a. color; wake-sleep cycles
b. detail; color
c. wake-sleep cycles; movement
d. movement; color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of the semicircular canals is to:
a. locate the source of high frequency tones.
b. detect movement of the head.
c. establish a sense of direction while traveling.
d. locate the source of low frequency tones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:
a. the axons in the fingers have faster action potentials.
b. they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron.
c. you have learned how to write.
d. they have many muscle fibers per motor neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
a. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
b. bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
d. receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After central nervous system damage, myelin:
a. becomes thicker in surviving axons.
b. secretes proteins that inhibit axon regrowth.
c. degenerates and dies.
d. secretes proteins that enhance some regrowth of axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small receptive fields are to ____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells.
a. parvocellular; magnocellular
b. magnocellular; koniocellular
c. magnocellular; parvocellular
d. koniocellular; parvocellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which axons will regenerate to a significant degree if cut or crushed?
a. only those which are unmyelinated
b. those in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system
c. those in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system
d. those in invertebrates but not in vertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the:
a. cerebral cortex.
b. hypothalamus.
c. lateral geniculate nucleus.
d. optic chiasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a ballistic movement?
a. threading a needle
b. singing a song
c. picking up a newspaper
d. a reflexive knee jerk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:
a. lateral inhibition in the retina.
b. the diffraction of light from the edge's surface.
c. fatigue of the rods and cones.
d. the color of the object. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?
a. trichromatic theory
b. Young-Helmholtz theory
c. color-constancy theory
d. opponent-process theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the cells in a given column in the cerebral cortex:
a. are involved in the same function.
b. are the same size.
c. have the same shape.
d. are connected to one another by a single horizontal cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The rooting reflex and the Babinski reflex are characteristic of which group?
a. adults, but not normal infants
b. non-humans, but not humans
c. infants, but not normal adults
d. humans, but not non-humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Denervation supersensitivity takes place in:
a. glial cells.
b. the presynaptic membrane.
c. both the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane.
d. the postsynaptic membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:
a. there are few ganglion cells there.
b. the receptors are tightly-packed there.
c. there are few blood vessels there.
d. the optic nerve connects there. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles.
a. many different neurotransmitters
b. Dopamine
c. Acetylcholine
d. Norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
a. semicircular canals and cochlea
b. semicircular canals and otolith organs
c. cerebellum and sinuses
d. cochlea and otolith organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?
a. lateral
b. proximal
c. ventral
d. medial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diaschisis refers to the:
a. increase in activity of neurons surrounding a damaged area.
b. decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged.
c. increased activity in the cerebral cortex after damage to any part of the brain.
d. increased activity in the hypothalamus after damage to any part of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area." This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception?
a. opponent-process theory
b. volley principle
c. place theory
d. frequency theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
a. thalamus
b. medulla
c. cerebellum
d. pons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension?
a. slow-twitch fiber
b. Golgi tendon organ
c. fast-twitch fiber
d. muscle spindle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rats and mice are better able to discriminate odors than humans because they:
a. have a greater variety of olfactory receptors.
b. have more practice.
c. have shorter olfactory cilia.
d. are closer to the ground. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they have trouble:
a. adjusting their behavior to different contexts.
b. remembering who they are.
c. making visual discriminations.
d. maintaining normal hormone levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?
a. temporal
b. frontal
c. occipital
d. parietal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ischemia is to ____ as hemorrhage is to ____.
a. proximal, distal
b. obstruction, rupture
c. barely noticeable, lethal
d. older individuals, younger individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When asked to divide a cake in equal halves, a person with spatial neglect would most likely make a cut:
a. right in the middle.
b. to the left of center.
c. diagonally.
d. to the right of center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An axon in your hand causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger as you write. This neuron belongs to which branch of the nervous system?
a. somatic
b. central
c. parasympathetic
d. sympathetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A cycle of food-deprivation following by overeating characterizes:
a. bulimia.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. obesity.
d. anorexia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
a. dopamine.
b. serotonin.
c. acetylcholine.
d. norepinephrine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The physiological changes that defend body temperature are mainly controlled by the:
a. pineal body and preoptic area.
b. preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus.
c. parietal cortex and hypothalamus.
d. preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams:
a. are more likely to include complicated plots.
b. are less likely to include striking visual imagery.
c. do not contain violence.
d. are almost always less than five minutes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is one of the contradictions in "paradoxical" sleep?
a. Subcortical structures are very active, while the cerebral cortex is inactive.
b. The frequency of the brain waves is low, while the amplitude is high.
c. The brain is very active, while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed.
d. Postural muscles are tense, while heart rate and breathing rate are very low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Damage to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rats would most likely result in:
a. excessive testosterone levels.
b. decreased sexual activity.
c. increased sexual activity.
d. a change in partner preference. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they:
a. decrease adenosine.
b. stimulate acetylcholine.
c. block GABA.
d. block histamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.
a. ovaries
b. thyroid
c. adrenal glands
d. pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The area that is activated by feeling disgusted is the same area of the brain responsible for:
a. smell.
b. sight.
c. hearing.
d. taste. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
a. insulin
b. aldosterone
c. glucagon
d. CCK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following would lead to eating a larger than normal meal?
a. increasing NPY levels
b. damaging the lateral hypothalamus
c. increasing leptin levels
d. decreasing NPY levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:
a. staying awake.
b. raising body temperature.
c. waking up.
d. getting to sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although harmful in excessive amounts, the synthesis of steroids depends on:
a. ethanol.
b. heavy metals.
c. cholesterol.
d. insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
a. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
b. caudate nucleus.
c. lateral hypothalamus.
d. substantia nigra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What insulin levels would we expect to find when an animal is putting on extra fat in preparation for migration or hibernation?
a. unstable and rapidly fluctuating
b. very low, as in diabetes
c. high
d. normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retinohypothalamic path to the SCN comes from a special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, called:
a. circaopsin.
b. rodopsin.
c. melanopsin.
d. photopsin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fat cells produce:
a. insulin.
b. CCK.
c. neuropeptide Y.
d. leptin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?
a. monitor brain waves
b. use self-report measures
c. measure muscle tension
d. monitor breathing rates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the ____ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal.
a. Lange-Papez
b. Lange-Jung
c. James-Jung
d. James-Lange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Male meadow voles can be genetically altered to remain with a female he mated with by increasing ____ levels.
a. estradiol
b. vasopressin
c. testosterone
d. renin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is also known as slow-wave sleep?
a. alpha wave sleep
b. stages 3 and 4
c. stages 1 and 2
d. REM sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In general, when do hormones produce "organizing effects"?
a. during adulthood
b. during early stages in development
c. temporarily at any time in life
d. whenever the levels of some other hormone have decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If an experimenter cools the preoptic area of an animal in a warm environment, the animal will:
a. pant or sweat.
b. move to a colder environment.
c. shiver.
d. decrease its preference for salty tastes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People with a striking loss of emotions usually suffer from damage to the:
a. corpus callosum.
b. somatosensory cortex.
c. occipital lobe.
d. prefrontal cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
a. shortly after drinking a large glass of water.
b. shortly after eating a large meal.
c. if you are very thirsty.
d. if you are very hungry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Individuals with pure autonomic failure:
a. experience no emotion at all.
b. lose all output to the muscles.
c. die from low blood pressure.
d. have diminished intensity of emotion, but still report cognitive aspects of it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The onset of REM sleep begins with activity in the:
a. prefrontal cortex.
b. cerebellum.
c. pons.
d. medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A "Zeitgeber" is a(n):
a. biological clock.
b. animal that does not have a biological clock.
c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock.
d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A drug that facilitates transmission at GABA-A synapses has what effect on behavior?
a. decreases aggressiveness
b. increases overall arousal
c. decreases anxiety
d. increases anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Caffeine increases arousal by:
a. causing the release of prostaglandins.
b. exciting adenosine.
c. inhibiting the release of prostaglandins.
d. inhibiting adenosine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, the injection will:
a. partly masculinize her.
b. behaviorally masculinize her, but will not affect her physically.
c. physically masculinize her, but her behavior is still like that of a typical female.
d. have no effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?
a. regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude
b. short, rapid waves of large amplitude
c. irregular waves with low amplitude
d. long, slow waves of large amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In mammals, whether the anatomy develops in the male or female pattern depends:
a. mostly upon the presence of testosterone.
b. on neither estradiol nor testosterone.
c. on the presence of estradiol and testosterone equally.
d. mostly upon the presence of estradiol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is probably the most important mechanism for ending a meal?
a. the number of calories consumed
b. levels of the hormone angiotensin II circulating in the blood
c. sensations from the stomach
d. oral monitoring of how much food has been swallowed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The postural muscles are most relaxed during:
a. REM sleep.
b. slow-wave sleep.
c. NREM sleep.
d. stage 4 sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Animals with damage to the amygdala:
a. become extremely aggressive and emotional.
b. fail to show a startle response to any stimulus.
c. neither learn new fears nor retain previously learned fears.
d. are unable to store new memories of any kind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People with amygdala damage would most likely have:
a. increased anger.
b. no startle response.
c. increased fear.
d. difficulty knowing who to trust. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
a. osmotic
b. hypovolemic
c. non-homeostatic
d. postprandial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A set point refers to:
a. initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time.
b. the regulation of blood flow.
c. a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level.
d. the release of hormones at a set point in time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a study of serotonin turnover in male monkeys, it was found that those with:
a. low levels were usually dead by age 6.
b. low levels were most submissive.
c. high levels were the most aggressive.
d. high levels had the most scars. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on:
a. testosterone.
b. estrogen.
c. dopamine.
d. acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
a. generate circannual rhythms.
b. feed visual information to the biological clock.
c. coordinate several biological clocks.
d. generate the circadian rhythm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?
a. prolactin
b. aldosterone
c. cholecystokinin
d. angiotensin II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in:
a. a decrease in chewing and other reflexes associated with eating.
b. damage to dopamine-containing axons passing through it.
c. a decrease in food seeking behaviors.
d. an increase in food seeking behaviors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Different sets of cells in the basal forebrain release which two neurotransmitters?
a. acetylcholine and GABA
b. CCK and neuropeptide Y
c. histamine and norepinephrine
d. serotonin and substance P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mice that lack orexin have difficulty:
a. breathing at night.
b. waking up.
c. maintaining wakefulness.
d. sleeping. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sleep apnea is the:
a. inability to breathe while sleeping.
b. same as sleep-talking.
c. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep.
d. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a female rat fetus developed without any alpha-fetoprotein, her hypothalamus would:
a. develop in a partly masculinized manner.
b. develop like that of a normal female.
c. develop in an exaggerated female manner.
d. fail to develop beyond its early, immature state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female's?
a. exposure to a high level of estradiol during puberty
b. a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development
c. a deficit of testosterone during puberty
d. exposure to a high level of estradiol during an early stage of development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a hamster is primed for a fight, increased activity will most likely be found:
a. in the occipital lobe.
b. all over the cortex.
c. in the corticomedial amygdala.
d. all over the temporal lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research suggests that ____ levels correlate with several aspects of motherly attention to an infant.
a. progesterone
b. estradiol
c. vasopressin
d. oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Children with a rare condition called ____ are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile.
a. Fregoli syndrome
b. James syndrome
c. Lange syndrome
d. Möbius syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With long term use of antidepressants, there is an increase in the proliferation of new neurons in the:
a. superior colliculus.
b. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
c. hippocampus.
d. hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Memories are more likely to be consolidated if they are:
a. not frequently rehearsed.
b. memories of one's own idea or insights.
c. meaningful.
d. memories that fade rapidly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as:
a. Broca's aphasia.
b. dyslexia.
c. Wernicke's aphasia.
d. Williams' syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Visual stimuli in the right visual field stimulate:
a. the right hemisphere.
b. the left half of each retina.
c. both hemispheres.
d. the right half of each retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Generally speaking, drugs used to treat epilepsy work by:
a. causing apoptosis.
b. relaxing the cell membrane.
c. preventing the sodium-potassium pump from working.
d. enhancing the effects of GABA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of NMDA receptors, which are responsive to:
a. GABA.
b. norepinephrine.
c. glutamate.
d. dopamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When prompted with cues, Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen. This exemplifies what kind of memory?
a. reference
b. explicit
c. procedural
d. implicit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" defines:
a. mass action.
b. operant conditioning.
c. equipotentiality.
d. classical conditioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prior to the 1950's few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of:
a. chlorpromazine.
b. electroconvulsive therapy.
c. MAOIs.
d. the prefrontal lobotomy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Schizophrenia was originally called:
a. dissociative identity disorder.
b. dementia praecox.
c. frontal dementia.
d. multiple personality disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it:
a. produces its benefits faster.
b. is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries.
c. produces permanent, not temporary, relief.
d. does not impair memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to
a. how rapidly the cycles occur.
b. whether they develop suddenly at an early age or gradually at a later age.
c. whether they include full-blown manic phases.
d. how many relatives also have the condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tricyclic drugs work by:
a. increasing the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
b. preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines.
c. blocking the release of catecholamines.
d. directly stimulating the postsynaptic cell's catecholamine receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Pavlov's experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the:
a. conditioned response.
b. conditioned stimulus.
c. unconditioned stimulus.
d. unconditioned response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is:
a. hallucinations.
b. thought disorder.
c. delusions.
d. poor emotional expression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of drug alleviates schizophrenia with little risk of producing tardive dyskinesia?
a. neuroleptics
b. lithium
c. atypical antipsychotics
d. monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it:
a. in the left visual field.
b. with the right eye.
c. in the right visual field.
d. with the left eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hebb believed that short-term memory:
a. should not be distinguished from long-term memory.
b. was low-level memory.
c. was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory.
d. was more important than long-term memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which brain area is active in monkeys during a delay when they have to remember the location of a light and look there only after a several-second delay?
a. the occipital lobes
b. cerebellum
c. ventromedial hypothalamus
d. the prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker proposed that humans have a:
a. language acquisition device.
b. language stimulus apparatus.
c. language synthesizer.
d. grammatical articulation device. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are antipsychotic drugs EXCEPT:
a. L-Dopa.
b. Haldol.
c. Chlorpromazine.
d. Thorazine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A peculiarity of the memory of the neurological patient HM was that he was able to:
a. find his way to a new residence.
b. retain new skills but not remember having learned them.
c. form new long-term memories but not short-term memories.
d. remember people's names but not which name went with which person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?
a. deterioration of everyday functioning
b. impaired understanding of abstract concepts
c. delusions
d. alternation between one personality and another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage, is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.
a. proactive
b. retrograde
c. anterograde
d. procedural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
a. electroconvulsive shock therapy
b. dietary changes
c. bright light
d. adrenal hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A person with Wernicke's aphasia:
a. can't recognize musical notes.
b. can't produce speech.
c. resembles a student in a foreign language class that hasn't studied the vocabulary list very well.
d. similar to that of normal people who are just highly distracted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's leads to the accumulation of ____ in the brain.
a. glucose
b. serotonin
c. arachidonic acid
d. amyloid deposits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the following individuals, the concordance rate for schizophrenia is highest for:
a. dizygotic twins who were adopted by schizophrenics.
b. dizygotic twins.
c. monozygotic twins.
d. dizygotic twins who were raised as though they were monozygotic twins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anticonvulsant drugs valproate and carbamazepine have been used to treat:
a. seasonal affective disorder.
b. schizophrenia.
c. alcoholism.
d. bipolar disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Broca's area is located in the:
a. left frontal lobe.
b. left parietal lobe.
c. right temporal lobe.
d. right occipital lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prolonged use of antidepressants not only increases the availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse but also:
a. increases the release of neurotrophins.
b. decreases the threshold for producing action potentials in axons.
c. dilates blood vessels in the right hemisphere.
d. increases the flow of glucose across the blood-brain barrier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Someone who suffered damage to the visual cortex of the left hemisphere would probably have impaired vision in the:
a. left eye.
b. left visual field.
c. right visual field.
d. right eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Karl Lashley called the physical basis of learning a(n):
a. amyloid.
b. synapse.
c. plaque.
d. engram. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For a majority of humans, one part of the ____ cortex is larger on the ____ side of the brain than on the opposite side.
a. occipital; right
b. temporal; left
c. temporal; right
d. occipital; left |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PET scans have determined that hallucinations occur during periods of:
a. decreased activity in the hippocampus and auditory cortex.
b. increased activity in the thalamus and hippocampus.
c. decreased activity in the hypothalamus.
d. increased activity in the hypothalamus. |
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Lithium prevents a relapse into:
a. either mania or depression.
b. depression only.
c. schizophrenia.
d. mania only. |
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Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use:
a. verbs.
b. prepositions and conjunctions.
c. adjectives and adverbs.
d. nouns. |
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of depression?
a. suicidal tendencies
b. inactivity
c. sleep disorders
d. impulsiveness |
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Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
a. MAOIs
b. tricyclics
c. atypical antidepressants
d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure?
a. massa intermedia
b. corpus callosum
c. cerebellum
d. inferior colliculus |
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Several patients have had their corpus callosum cut surgically as a treatment for severe cases of:
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b. schizophrenia.
c. epilepsy.
d. dyslexia. |
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Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced:
a. day-to-day fluctuations in performance.
b. a permanent impairment.
c. little apparent effect.
d. a temporary impairment. |
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The patient HM suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the:
a. corpus callosum.
b. hippocampus.
c. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus.
d. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus. |
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A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris search task because it:
a. has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial.
b. cannot remember how to swim.
c. develops a water phobia.
d. loses its motivation to find the platform. |
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The____ has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language.
a. gorilla.
b. dolphin.
c. common chimpanzee.
d. bonobo chimpanzee. |
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