Term
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Definition
| learning to recognize a particular stimulus |
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Term
| stimulus-response learning |
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Definition
| learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response in followed several times by an unconditioned stimulus (US) that produces a defensice or appetitive response (the unconditioned response UR), the first stimulus (not the conditioned stimulus CS) itself evokes the response (now CR) |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires |
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Term
| instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| a learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called Operant Conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| an appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes a behavior become more frequent |
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Term
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Definition
| an aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior less frequent |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to make a new response |
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Term
| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| a long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input |
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Term
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Definition
| a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, consstituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon's horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum |
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Term
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Definition
| an evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in LTP |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, a drug that blocks NMDA receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| sn sction potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open, it produces EPSPs |
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Term
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Definition
| type-II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of LTP |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide |
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Term
| long-term depression (LTD) |
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Definition
| a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of a stimulus or an event that lasts for a short while |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of an event or stimulus that lasts for a short while |
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Term
| delayed matching-to-sample task |
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Definition
| a task that requires the subject to indicate which of several stimuli has just been perceived |
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Term
| ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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Definition
| a group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a critical role in reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention |
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Term
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Definition
| amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases (no new memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain, such as head injury or electroconvulsive shock |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronis alcoholism or malnutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which short-term memories are converted into LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that can be verbally expressed, such as a memory for events in a person's past |
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Term
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Definition
| memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the cerirhinal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory of facts and general info |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of semantic memories caused by progressive degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus; thought to provide the means for modifying existing memories |
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