Term
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Definition
| Change in allele frequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic variability + differential survival. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary function (how it contributes to fitness). |
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Term
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Definition
| Different promotion of genes into next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| One's own fitness + that resulting from reproduction of relatives weighed by degree of relatedness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differential reproduction among lineages of closely related individuals (result of inclusive fitness). |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors and traits influencing reproduction (how organisms allocate time and energy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of animal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of biotic and abiotic interactions that determine distribution/abundance of organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes functional value (contribution to fitness) of a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of offspring that survive to maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focused on functional aspect of behavior in field research. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied Greylag Geese imprinting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied gull nesting behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied bee communication. |
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Term
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Definition
What is the behaviors function?
What causes the behavior to occur?
How does the behavior develop?
What is phylogenetic history of the behavior? |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 4 of Introduction handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed idea of inclusive fitness, kinship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conceptual (diagram), theoretical (formulas/equations), empirical (experiments). |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural selection, learning, cultural transmission. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two subpopulations interbred, resulted in intermediate migration pattern/wintering area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological/ecological/energetic constraints, social conditions, receiver reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Methods of transmitting signal (visual, auditory, chemical, electric, tactile, heat). |
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Term
| Physiological Constraint Examples |
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Definition
| Most birds can't smell, burrowing mammals have poor eyesight. |
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Term
| Ecological Constraint Examples |
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Definition
| Openness of habitat, time of day (visual), habitats with obstructions (sound), etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sound - energetically expensive, smell - energetically inexpensive. |
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Term
| Social Conditions Examples |
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Definition
| Chestnut-sided Warbler territorial defense song vs. mate attraction song. |
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Term
| Receiver Reactions Examples |
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Definition
| Incidental behaviors that prove most informative about future actions evolve as signals (dog baring teeth). Studied by Lorenz/Tinbergen. |
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Term
| Incidental Movement: Maintenance Behavior |
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Definition
| Urination at dung middens (Gerenuk). |
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Term
| Incidental Movement: Intention Movement |
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Definition
| Crouching prior to take off in birds (Bufflehead). |
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Term
| Incidental Movement: Displacement Behaviors |
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Definition
| Preening (mandarin duck). |
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Term
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Definition
| Original signals become exaggerated, stereotyped, and repetitive to reduce ambiguity in signal. (mandarin duck "sail"). |
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Term
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Definition
| A. Zahavi, individuals that can invest in signalling and still survive must be relatively fit, selected by females. |
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Term
| Interspecific Communication |
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Definition
| Communication between honeyguides/humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giraffe neck used to reach food or detect predators? |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences don't always reflect adaptiveness (different adaptive solutions to the same ecological pressures). |
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Term
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Definition
| Pioneered by Niko Tinbergen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigate efficiency or relative value of an individual's decision regarding behavioral alternatives or strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decision, currency (i.e. calories for feeding), and constraint variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunbirds adjust size of territory to accommodate specific # of flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| John Nash. Appropriate decision dependent on behavior of all others (do what others are not doing). |
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Term
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Definition
| See Testing Hypotheses in Behavioral Ecology handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many small offspring, limited parental care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Few large offspring, much parental care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproducing once, many seeds (poor environmental conditions). |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproducing many times, fewer seeds (stable environmental conditions). |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect influence on reproductive success (foraging decisions, mate choice). |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct influence on reproductive success (age of reproduction, number of offspring). |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary/phylogenetic, individual control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship between phenotype and environment (grasshoppers). |
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Term
| Fence Lizard Growth Rates |
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Definition
| See page 5 of Life History Strategies handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Current reproductive success + future reproductive potential. |
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Term
| Douglass Fir Growth vs. Reproduction |
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Definition
| See page 6 of Life History Strategy handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 7 of Life History Strategy handout. |
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Term
| Snowy Egret Foraging Behavior |
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Definition
| See page 3 of Economic Decisions handout. |
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Term
| Northwestern Crows Whelk Shells |
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Definition
| See pages 4 & 5 of Economic Decisions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Social Interaction |
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Definition
| Reproductive based (mating, parenting) or resource based (territoriality). |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 2 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 3 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| J.B.S. Haldane. Promotion of one's genes into succeeding generations by aiding relatives who share genes. |
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Term
| Kin Selection: Belding's Ground Squirrel |
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Definition
| See page 4 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
| Kin Selection: Tasmanian Native Hen |
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Definition
| See page 5 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actor suffers cost so recipient benefits, occurs most frequently between relatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Altruism occurs when relatedness x benefit to recipient > cost to actor. |
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Term
| Typical Altruism: Belding's Ground Squirrel |
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Definition
| See page 7 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
| Typical Altruism: Bee Eaters |
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Definition
| See page 7 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 8 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Trivers. Altruistic act done in return for future altruistic act. |
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Term
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Definition
| See page 9 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Stable Strategy |
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Definition
| Strategy adopted by population which cannot be invaded by alternative strategy. |
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Term
| Reciprocity: Vampire Bats |
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Definition
| See page 11 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual behaves altruistically to display fitness. Refuted by his students. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most prevalent action, actor benefits and recipient suffers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recipient forces altruism from actor (parasitic nesting of Cowbirds and Cuckoos). |
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Term
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Definition
| Both individuals suffer cost, one must suffer more than other. See page 14 of Social Interactions handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| See Fighting and Aggression handout. |
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Term
| Contest (Interference) Competition |
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Definition
| Individual limits others access to resources (territoriality). |
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Term
| Scramble (Exploitative) Competition |
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Definition
| Individual consumes resources at expense of others. |
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Term
| Contest Competition: Ruby-throated Hummingbird |
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Definition
| See page 2 of Competition handout. |
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Term
| Keystone Species Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Robert Paine, see page 5 of Competition handout. |
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Term
| Random Organism Distribution |
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Definition
| Evenly distributed resources, neutral interactions between individuals. |
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Term
| Regular Organism Distribution |
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Definition
| Antagonistic interactions between individuals, local depletion of resources (territoriality). |
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Term
| Clumped Organism Distribution |
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Definition
| Individuals clumped around unevenly distributed resources, neutral interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random movement from natal habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement from natal habitat towards stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental conditions, predation pressure, competitive pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organism's role in environment. |
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Term
| Niche: G. Evelyn Hutchinson |
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Definition
| N-dimensional hypervolume including all physical/biological variables affecting organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| General area organism lives in, too large to defend (African Wild Dog). |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplies all of organism's resource requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism defends current surrounding area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only lasts for short period (Flamingos on lake). |
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Term
| Territorial Benefits: American Redstart |
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Definition
| See page 8 of Social Organization handout. |
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Term
| Territorial Costs: Yarrow's Spiny Lizard |
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Definition
| See page 8 of Social Organization handout. |
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Term
| Familiar vs. Unfamiliar Neighbors |
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Definition
| See page 11 of Social Organization handout. |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher if resource is renewable, owner more willing to invest in defense. |
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Term
| Modes of Territory Defense |
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Definition
| Marking (klipspringer), singing (chestnut-sided warbler), signaling (anoles), toxin (ants). |
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Term
| Territorial Cooperation: Pygmy Falcon/Social Weaver |
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Definition
| See page 15 of Social Organization handout. |
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Term
| Interspecific Territoriality |
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Definition
| House Wren pecks open bluebird egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding strategy. Males with greatest fitness located in center of cluster. |
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