Term
| Behavioral Development Theories |
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Definition
- personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
- Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account
- focus is on observable behavior—a target symptom, a problem behavior, or an environmental condition, rather than on the personality of a client |
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Term
| two fundamental classes of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment |
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Term
| Best known applications of behavior modification |
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Definition
- sexual dysfunction
- phobic disorders
- compulsive behaviors (i.e., overeating, smoking)
- training of persons with intellectual disabilities and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder
- social workers train clients to observe and monitor their own behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
RESPONDENT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlov)
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner) |
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Term
| RESPONDENT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlov) |
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Definition
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
(define general theory) |
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Definition
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Operant Techniques
Positive reinforcement:(define). |
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Definition
| Increases probability that behavior will occur—praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Operant Techniques
Negative reinforcement:(define). |
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Definition
| Behavior increases because a negative (aversive) stimulus is removed (i.e., remove shock). |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Operant Techniques
Positive punishment:(define). |
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Definition
| Presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., hitting, shocking). |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Operant Techniques
Negative punishment:(define). |
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Definition
| Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., removing something positive, such as a token or dessert). |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Aversion therapy: (define) |
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Definition
| Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus. An example of this is treating alcoholism with Antabuse. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Biofeedback: (define) |
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Definition
| Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. Biofeedback is often used for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Anxiety Disorders. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Extinction: (define) |
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Definition
| Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Flooding: (define) |
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Definition
| A treatment procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
In vivo desensitization: (define) |
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Definition
| Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in “real” setting. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Modeling: (define) |
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Definition
| Method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Rational emotive therapy (RET): (define) |
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Definition
| A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client’s irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self-statements. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Shaping: (define) |
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Definition
| Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Systematic desensitization: (define) |
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Definition
| An anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation-producing response so that eventually an anxiety-producing stimulus produces a relaxation response. At each step a client’s reaction of fear or dread is overcome by pleasant feelings engendered as the new behavior is reinforced by receiving a reward. The reward could be a compliment, a gift, or relaxation. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Time out: (define) |
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Definition
| Removal of something desirable—negative punishment technique. |
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Term
OPERANT CONDITIONING (B. F. Skinner)
Specific Behavioral Terms
Token economy: (define) |
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Definition
| A client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors. The tokens function as currency within the environment and can be exchanged for desired goods, services, or privileges. |
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