Term
| Two types of associative learning ? |
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Definition
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning |
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Term
| Behavioral psych says most human behavior is |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Factors affecting Classical Conditioning ? |
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Definition
CCNT
CS should precede US
Consistency of pairing
Number of pairings
Time b/w CS, US, and UR |
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Term
| Ex of Stimulus Generalization ? |
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Definition
| John Watson's research of White Rabbit (CS) causing Fear (CR/UR) |
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Term
| Ex of Classical Extinction ? |
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Definition
Pavlov using the tone (CS) to cause the CR (salivation)
After a while, CS does not elicit CR readily and you see a smooth extinction curve |
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Term
| Synopsis of Ader's study involving rats with autoimmune disorder lupus ? |
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Definition
| Saccharine water (CS) was paired with cyclophosphamide (US) to cause immunosuppresion (CR/UR). After a while only presenting saccharine water (CS) by itself caused immunosuppresion (CR/UR) |
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Term
| What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus ? |
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Definition
| CS (conditioned stimulus) |
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Term
| White Coat Htn is an example of what type of conditioning ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of responses you see regarding classical conditioning of substance use ? |
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Definition
Drug-like responses
Drug-opposite responses |
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Term
| Exs of classical conditioning of drug-like effects ? |
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Definition
Smell and taste of coffee (CS) causing increased arousal and alertness (CR/UR)
Euphoria can be subject to conditining
O'Brien's "toilet stall" studies |
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Term
| Can drug-opposite effects be conditioned more easily than drug-like effects ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exs of classical conditioning of 'drug-opposite' effects ? |
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Definition
Siegel's Conditioned Tolerance Study of morphine injection
O'Brien's Conditioned Withdrawal Study of methadone metabolized and then using spearmint |
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Term
| Conclusive summary of classical conditioning of substance use ? |
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Definition
CSs associated with drug use play a significant role in continued use, craving, and relapse
Behavioral trts based on extinction help break this learned association b/w environmental CSs and drug use |
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Term
| Classical conditioning appears to play an important role in several anxiety disorders ? |
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Definition
Phobias
PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder |
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Term
| A fear-producing US always does not lead to a phobia....some phobias can be acquired through ? |
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Definition
| Vicarious learning (happens through observation) or verbal report |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral approaches like exposure (extinction) and systematic desensitization are better than cognitive approaches |
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Term
| Most trts of PTSD involve ? |
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Definition
Exposure to fear-provoking stimuli (classical extinction , -> present CS, US never comes).
Exposure decreases anxiety |
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Term
| Does classical conditioning play a role in paraphilias (sexual arousal due to inappropriate objects, situations, or individuals) ? |
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Definition
Yes
Ex) Rachman and Hodgson's study of acquiring a fetish...when Knee-length women's boots (CS) caused sexual arousal (CR/UR) |
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Term
| What is extinction of a classically conditioned response ? |
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Definition
| CS-CR bond will tend to decay if the CS is no longer followed by the US |
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Term
| What is spontaneous recovery ? |
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Definition
| Following extinction, the CR may "spontaneously" reappear if the CS is presented following a short delay |
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Term
| What does operant conditioning say ? |
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Definition
| Behavior is increased or decreased as a result of the consequences that follow it |
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Term
| One diff. b/w classical conditioning and operant conditioning ? |
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Definition
Classical cond. involves involuntary behavior
Operant cond. involves voluntary behavior |
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Term
| Law of Effect says what ? |
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Definition
Behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences tends to be repeated,
and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences tends not to be repeated |
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Term
| B.F. Skinner is associated with what work ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reinforcement and punishment are in what type of conditioning ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Definitions of positive and negative reinforcement ? |
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Definition
Pos reinforcement - A stimulus is "applied" following behavior and the behavior is strengthened
Negative Reinforcement - An aversive stimulus is "removed,terminated, or avoided" following behavior and the behavior is strengthened |
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Term
| Two types of neg. reinfocement ? |
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Definition
1) Escape conditioning
2) Avoidance conditioning |
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Term
| 3 factors affecting the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment ? |
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Definition
C I C
Consistency
Immediacy
Contingencies should be clear |
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Term
| What is involved in the "maintenance" of some phobias ? |
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Definition
Operant conditioning
B/c, the phobic avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced b/c it results in the alleviation of anxiety |
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Term
| Two disorders which involve avoidance conditioning ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most effective trt for OCD is ? |
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Definition
| Exposure and Ritual/Response Prevention |
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Term
| Diff. b/w reinforcement and punishment ? |
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Definition
Reinforcement strengthens behavior
Punishment weakens behavior |
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Term
| Defs. of positive and negative punishment ? |
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Definition
Pos. punishment - Application of an aversive stimulus contingent upon behavior
Negative punishment - Removal of a pleasant/desirable stimulus contingent upon behavior |
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Term
| What is Operant Extinction ? |
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Definition
| Occurs when reinforcement is consistently withheld following a previously reinforced behavior |
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Term
Both extinction and punishment ...
Diff. b/w the two ? |
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Definition
weaken behavior
With extinction, you withold reinforcement
WIth punishment, organism performs behavior and something happens |
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Term
| Exs of primary reinforcers ? |
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Definition
Food, water, sex
Can lead to satiation (too much of a good thing) |
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Term
| Exs of secondary (conditioned) reinforcers ? |
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Definition
| Applause, money, or "A" on exam |
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Term
| Types of Schedules of Reinforcement ? |
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Definition
1) Continuous reinforcement - Every instance of behavior is reinforced or punished
2) Intermittent Reinforcement - Only certain instances of behavior are reinforced or punished
Two types:Ratio (Fixed and Variable)
Interval (Fixed and Variable) |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating new behaviors through reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior |
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Term
| What is Superstitious Behavior or Accidental Conditioning ? |
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Definition
| Associate two things together but contingencies are accidental |
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Term
| What is discriminative stimuli and how is it an example of stimulus control ? |
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Definition
| If stimuli in the past have been associated with reinforcement of the behavior, it is referred to as discriminative stimuli |
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Term
| An example of stimulus control ? |
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Definition
| Eating behavior, b/c it has become associated with diff. situations and mood states (when watching t.v, socializing, depressed, etc...) |
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Term
| Exs of primary punishers ? |
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Definition
Are naturally punishing like
shock and pain |
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Term
| Ex of secondary punisher ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Satiation is a problem with ? |
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Definition
Primary reinforcers like food and sex.
Better to use secondary reinforcers like money which does not lead to satiation |
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Term
| What happens in continuous reinforcement ? |
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Definition
| Behaviors are learned more quickly but tend to extinguish more quickly |
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Term
| Trts based on classical conditioning involve ? |
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Definition
| Counterconditioning and/or extinction |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization is a trt that involves both... |
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Definition
| Counterconditioning and extinction |
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Term
| What happens in aversion therapy regarding conditioning ? |
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Definition
A CS previously associated with pleasure is paired with a US that elicits an unpleasant response (like shock or nausea)
Used for trt in Pedophilia |
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Term
| 3 trts involving extinction ? |
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Definition
Exposure - Involves no training
Flooding - Abrupt, full intensity exposure
Ritual/Response Prevention |
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Term
| Types of therapies based on Operant principles ? |
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Definition
Contingency Management
Pos. Reinforcement (Shaping and Biofeedback)
Punishment (Time Out)
Operant Extinction
Contingency Contracts
Token Economies |
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Term
| Behavioral Approaches to pain management ? |
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Definition
| Aim is to stop reinforcing pain behaviors (complaining, missing work, and inactivity) and reinforce only healthy behaviors |
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Term
| What is cognitive restructuring ? |
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Definition
| Is a cognitive therapy where you identify, challenge, and correct distorted and irrational views of the world |
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Term
| 4 Types of Cognitive Therapies are ? |
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Definition
E B B L (letters indicate founder's names first)
Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Bandura's Social Cognitive Therapy
Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy |
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Term
| Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy says ? |
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Definition
| It's not Event (A) that causes C(Emotion), but your belief/interpretation (B) of it |
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Term
| Beck's Cognitive Therapy says what ? |
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Definition
Says people have "negative schema" of world
Also depression is caused by interpretation of "negative triad"(events, self, and future)
Learned Helplessness |
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Term
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory says what ? |
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Definition
People learn through "observation" (modeling), watching someone get reinforced or punished changes our behavior
Self Efficacy - Believing you can do it is essential |
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Term
| Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) says what ? |
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Definition
Very successful for difficult populations like borderline personality, suicidal patients, severely depressed adolescents,
Uses range of cognitive-behavioral techniques and Mindfulness Meditation
Emphasis is on both patient acceptance and responsibility to change |
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Term
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Definition
A systems approach - views pathology as disturbance within the family
May be trt of choice for childhood disorders, eating disorders, drug/alcohol |
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