Term
Which assumption favors subjective
observation and qualitative data?
a. Positivism
b. Interpretivism
c. Empiricism
d. Realism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“A personal anecdote is not all that
helpful. I would really like to see
more data.”
❑This statement most closely aligns
with which perspective?
a. Positivism
b. Interpretivism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Behavior analysts would be
considered which of the following?
a. Rationalists and Positivists
b. Empiricists and Interpretivists
c. Empiricists and Positivists
d. Rationalists and interpretivists |
|
Definition
| C.Empiricists and Positivists |
|
|
Term
❑Verbal reports that an individual
makes are problematic from the
perspective of ______, because they
cannot be objectively verified.
a. Positivism
b. Interpretivism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Wilhelm is a BCBA who is sitting at his
desk in a classroom. One of Wilhelm’s
clients enters the classroom to clean the
tables before snack. Wilhelm decides to
look up every few minutes to see how his
client is performing the skill. What type of
observation is this?
a. Systematic
b. Unsystematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each Monday from 2:00 p.m. until 2:30
p.m., a BCBA enters their client’s
worksite to take data on the percentage
of intervals in which their client is in the
appropriate work area. What type of
observation is this?
a. Unsystematic
b. Systematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
❑Reginald turned on his computer and
observed his client independently
complete a “making the sandwich”
task through a webcam in the
kitchen. What type of observation is
this?
a. Objective
b. Subjective |
|
Definition
a. objective
Objectivity requires direct, unbiased observation. |
|
|
Term
❑Lester spent an hour reviewing
answers from a rating scale that his
client’s caregivers completed. This is
a(n) _____ observation.
a. Objective
b. Subjective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
❑ Which statement is true regarding pragmatism and
operational definitions?
a. By using operational definitions, we are being
pragmatists because behavior is based on the
thoughts of caregivers
b. By using operational definitions, we are being
pragmatists because the definitions outline an
absolute truth
c. By using operational definitions, we are being
pragmatists because behavior is defined based
on agreement of individuals, not an absolute
truth |
|
Definition
c. By using operational definitions, we are being
pragmatists because behavior is defined based
on agreement of individuals, not an absolute
truth |
|
|
Term
q Carla tells her employees that she will be
measuring the amount of time it takes each
person to complete a newly developed process.
She monitors the number of minutes from task
initiation to completion. This is an example of
_____ observation.
a. Indirect
b. Unobtrusive
c. Naturalistic systematic
d. Controlled systematic |
|
Definition
C. Naturalistic Systrmatic
Correct
We can determine this is an example of controlled systematic observation as it focuses on a specific task or behavior-of-interest (the new process). The behavior is not occurring in a free operant condition, which allows us to rule out naturalistic systematic observations. Since Carla will be directly measuring the behavior, this cannot be an indirect observation. |
|
|
Term
❑ Trey’s supervisor is taking data on the
latency between Trey presenting directions
and the client beginning the response. The
supervisor also notes what type of error
correction Trey provides, and how soon after
the error Trey begins the corrective
procedure. Which type of observation is
this?
a. Indirect
b. Direct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
❑ Trey is implementing discrete trials with
his client. Halfway through the trials,
Trey’s supervisor enters the room, sits
across from Trey, and starts taking
notes each time Trey implements a
trial. Which type of observation is this?
a. Obtrusive
b. Unobtrusive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Belle returns to the warehouse and
asks each staff member how many
packages they’ve shipped out and
whether they were shipped on time.
Which type of observation is this?
a. Indirect
b. Direct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
❑ Belle is a supervisor at a facility that
packages orders made through an online
store. Today, she conducts her observations
through the closed-circuit camera system in
the facility. She switches from camera to
camera so she can see various staff at
various times. What type of observation is
this?
a. Obtrusive
b. Unobtrusive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
q Nelson is recording ABC data in the classroom
of his first-grade client. He sits at the desk next
to the client and records each antecedent that
occurs prior to a target behavior. This is an
example of _____ observation.
a. Subjective
b. Obtrusive direct
c. Controlled systematic
d. Indirect |
|
Definition
B. Obtrusive direct
Nelson is not only directly observing the behavior but is doing so in a way that might impact or impede naturally occurring responses. Because Nelson is recording behavior that is verifiable, this would not be considered subjective or indirect. Additionally, as the behavior is occurring in a free-operant context, we can determine that this is not a controlled systematic observation. |
|
|
Term
q Melissa walks into her son’s bedroom each
morning after he goes to school. She notes if
the bed was made and if all computer
gadgets and tablets were put away. This is
an example of _____ observation.
a. Objective
b. Unsystematic
c. Obtrusive
d. Direct |
|
Definition
C. Obtrusive
Melissa taking note of verifiable events in the room would be an example of an objective observation. There is no indication that the son is aware of the observation (obtrusive/unobtrusive), nor does this describe Melissa’s observing her son’s actual behavior (direct/indirect). Additionally, there is no indicator as to whether this is a daily check in or a random observation, so we cannot say whether it is systematic or unsystematic. |
|
|
Term
q At the dog park, Kelsie counts the number
of times her new puppy attempts to play
with other dogs. This is an example of
_____ observation.
a. Naturalistic systematic
b. Unobtrusive
c. Controlled systematic
d. Indirect |
|
Definition
a. Naturalistic Systematic
In this example, Kelsie observes her puppy during a natural-play event and counts the number of responses that occur during the observation. This would not be controlled as Kelsie has not established parameters or engaged in certain responses during the observation. We can neither describe this as unobtrusive nor obtrusive because it is unknown whether the puppy was aware of the observation. Additionally, this cannot be an indirect observation since Kelsie is directly observing the behavior of the subject. |
|
|
Term
A manager arrives at his office 10 minutes early.
He passes by one of his high-performing
employees and notes that their desk is well
organized, and a “to-do” list is placed right in
the middle of the desk. This is an example of
_____ observation.
a. Subjective
b. Naturalistic systematic
c. Unsystematic
d. Unobtrusive |
|
Definition
C. Unsystematic
In this scenario, the quick observation of one of his employees does not appear to be planned, so we would likely describe it as unsystematic. We do not have enough information to describe this as obtrusive or unobtrusive because the scenario doesn’t say whether the employee was present. We can note that this is not subjective because the manager notices the facts of the appearance of the workspace in the observation, not his interpretation of it. |
|
|
Term
q Tim is the manager of a small gift shop that has
recently been the victim of shoplifting. Tim
reviews security camera footage and identifies
that one of his employees has been stealing
items from the jewelry case. This is an example
of _____ observation.
a. Subjective
b. Unsystematic
c. Controlled systematic
d. Unobtrusive direct |
|
Definition
D. Unobtrusive direct
This is unobtrusive direct observation since the employee is not aware of Tim’s observation and he sees the behaviors directly. This is not considered subjective since Tim can verify that the behavior occurred. It is not unsystematic since Tim is able to choose which sections of camera footage to review. |
|
|
Term
Jasmine recently had her deck rebuilt.
She tells her husband that she thinks it
looks nice, but they took too long to build
it. This is an example of _____
observation.
a. Obtrusive
b. Objective
c. Subjective
d. Direct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A home improvement store has a cleaning log
posted on the wall in each restroom. Employees
are taught to note the time and sign each time they
clean the restroom. The manager reviews the list
and notes that the restroom was only cleaned once
yesterday. This is an example of _____
observation.
a. Indirect
b. Subjective
c. Obtrusive direct
d. Unsystematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
q Kenny observes his new intern while they
enter data into an online system. Each
time a data point is entered correctly,
Kenny marks an A+. This is an example of
_____ observation.
a. Unsystematic
b. Direct
c. Controlled systematic
d. Indirec |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the importance of
understanding the difference
between observation and
interpretation: |
|
Definition
“The difference between interpretations and observations is that our personal histories and experiences can influence how we interpret what we have observed. We need to ensure we separate what actually happened from our interpretation of what happened”
Remember that, in science, observation involves the actual seeing of an event; interpretation is how we see that event. In everyday life, observation is akin to facts, while interpretation is akin to opinions. We must remember the difference between these two so that we can separate how we interpret an event from what happened. For example, stating that the temperature is 93 degrees Fahrenheit is an observation; a fact. Stating that 93 degrees Fahrenheit is “too hot” is how that event is interpreted; an opinion about that event |
|
|
Term
❑ Oliver is a third grader who has been working with a
new classroom aide. In the past few days, the
classroom teacher has noticed that Oliver is “having a
harder time that he did at the beginning of the year.”
The administration believes it may be due to the new
classroom aide, so they ask the aide to work with a
different classroom for five days, then bring the aide
back to Oliver. Which of Mill’s methods is best described
here?
a. Method of agreement
b. Joint method of agreement and difference
c. Method of disagreement
d. Method of concomitant variation |
|
Definition
b. Joint method of agreement and difference
In the joint method of agreement and difference, we identify common elements across different instances, then remove and replace those common elements to determine the difference. In this case, the common element is the classroom aide, who is present across different instances. The aide is removed for five days, then brought back to the classroom. |
|
|
Term
Miriam refused food when it was presented
on a blue plate, and later, in a blue bowl. The
caregiver concluded that Miriam refuses
food if it is given in a blue container. Which
of Mill’s methods is best described here?
a. Method of difference
b. Method of concomitant variation
c. Method of agreement
d. Joint method of agreement and difference |
|
Definition
C. Method of Agreement.
f different situations have a common element, where the common element may be the cause, we are using the method of agreement. In this case, the common element is the color blue. A new scenario is presented that also includes the common element (blue container), where it is ultimately determined that the common element (color blue) is the cause. |
|
|
Term
❑ One problem with the method of
agreement is that:
a. There may be multiple common
elements
b. Common elements are difficult to
isolate
c. Common elements are typically
unobserved
d. It provides correlational data only |
|
Definition
a. there may be multiple common elements.
n the method of agreement, we are looking to identify a common element across different scenarios and see if it is a cause. However, different scenarios may have multiple common elements. For example, if each classroom has the same classroom aide and the same peers, it would be difficult to determine which (if either, or if both) element is the cause. |
|
|
Term
Horacio and his wife recently adopted a baby. They
bring the baby home and introduce him to their dog.
Over the next few days, Horacio notices that the
dog is growling more often. After some testing, he
determines that the dog growls more when the
baby is in the same room; the dog does not growl
when the baby is not present. Which of Mill’s
methods is best described here?
a. Joint method of agreement and difference
b. Method of concomitant variation
c. Method of difference
d. Method of agreement |
|
Definition
c. method of difference
If similar situations differ in one aspect, where the difference may be the cause, we are using the method of difference. The scenarios differ in whether the baby is present. In this case, Horacio is looking to determine if his new baby is the cause of the dog’s growling. By identifying the difference (the baby’s presence), he can determine the likely cause. |
|
|
Term
❑ Rhys is concerned with the correlation between
screen time and oppositional behavior. He
measures the amount of time a child views
videos on a tablet and tracks the amount of task
refusals on each day. Which of Mill’s methods is
best described here?
a. Method of difference
b. Method of concomitant variation
c. Method of agreement
d. Joint method of agreement and difference. |
|
Definition
B. Method of concomitant variation
The method of concomitant variation is used when we identify that one element is a cause of another, and this occurs as a regular change in the other element. In this case, Rhys is looking to determine if there is a correlational change in one event as the result of a change in another event. Specifically, he is looking to see if the amount of task refusals changes as a result of the changing amount of screen time. |
|
|
Term
Hector is trying to figure out why Jimmie’s problem
behavior is occurring. Hector notes that problem
behavior occurs at the after-school program and at
soccer practice. Hector notices that the same group of
peers are at both soccer practice and the after-school
program. Given this, Hector thinks that the peers must
be related to Jimmie’s problem behavior. This is an
example of which method by Mill?
a. Method of agreement
b. Method of difference
c. Joint method of agreement and difference
d. Method of concomitant variation |
|
Definition
a. method of agreement
Mill’s method of agreement identifies the common element across different situations. The peers are the common element, as they are present in both environments. In the method of difference, we look for the difference between two similar situations. For example, if the peers are present at soccer practice today, and not present at soccer practice yesterday, and Jimmie shows problem behavior today, the difference is that the peers are present. In the joint method, we look for a common element across scenarios (method of agreement), then change an element to see the impact (method of difference). Concomitant variation looks at correlation between environments; i.e., does Jimmie’s behavior reliably change as a function of the presence of peers? This is akin to experimental manipulation we see in functional analysis procedures. |
|
|
Term
Walter has started directing inappropriate
sexual comments towards peers. These
comments occur on some days, but not
on others. Walter’s classroom teacher
notes that the comments only occur when
a specific female student is in the
classroom. Other teachers have reported
that the inappropriate sexual comments
don’t occur in their classes.
169
ASR (continued)
q Given this scenario, which of the following
demonstrates Mill’s method of difference?
a. Walter’s comments occur inconsistently
b. Inappropriate sexual comments are only
directed towards peers
c. Inappropriate sexual comments only
occurring when a certain female student
is present
d. Comments do not occur in other
classrooms |
|
Definition
c. Inappropriate sexual comments only
occurring when a certain female student
is present
Correct
In the method of difference, we look for the element that is different between two similar situations. Here, the difference between one classroom and another is that a female peer is present. In the method of agreement, we look for the common element among different situations; here, situations are similar. If we used the joint method of agreement and disagreement, we would first find the common element then subsequently remove it to note a difference. Finally, concomitant variation would be used if there were a functional relation between some event and some response. Here, however, there is no experimental manipulation to determine that relation. |
|
|
Term
Bill is an employee at a small medical clinic. He is
consistently late to morning rounds, arriving at 8:15
a.m. instead of 8:00 a.m. Bill’s supervisor creates a
system where staff earn raffle tickets for arriving to
work on time, leading to a weekly raffle. Bill begins
to arrive on time, but his supervisor notices an
increase in missed paperwork submissions. What is
the independent variable?
a. 8:00 am
b. Missing paperwork submissions
c. Raffle system
d. Arriving late to work |
|
Definition
C. Raffle System
The independent variable is the intervention, or what we manipulate. It is manipulated, presented, or removed to determine if it influences the dependent variable. In this case, the raffle system is the variable that is implemented as a means of changing behavior. The goal is to determine if the raffle system (independent variable) leads to changes in paperwork submissions (dependent variable). |
|
|
Term
❑ Addison adopts a new puppy who is barking
frequently throughout the night. Addison
decides to take the dog to the park for an
hour each day, so the dog can run around
and expend some energy. What is the
dependent variable?
a. The new puppy
b. Barking
c. Running around at the park
d. Addison |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Brittany destroys her video games if she loses
to her brother. She does not destroy her video
games if she loses to a friend from school. How
would ”losing a video game” be categorized in
terms of necessity and sufficiency for destroying
video games?
a. Sufficient but not necessary
b. Necessary and sufficient
c. Necessary but not sufficient
d. Neither necessary nor sufficient |
|
Definition
C. Neccesary but not sufficirnt
An event is necessary but not sufficient if the event evokes a specific behavior, but only when combined with something else. In this case, losing a video game by itself is not enough to lead to destruction. It is necessary, but it only leads to destruction when the game is lost to a specific individual. So, “losing a video game” is a necessary component to “destruction,” but is not sufficient in and of itself. “Destruction” requires another event to be included |
|
|
Term
❑ Rapid pulsing of lights at a dance club will
cause a seizure for an individual—the
only time he has seizures. The
independent variable is:
a. Necessary but not sufficient
b. Necessary and sufficient
c. Sufficient but not necessary
d. Neither necessary nor sufficien |
|
Definition
B.Necessary and Sufficient
An event is necessary and sufficient if it, by itself, leads to the occurrence of a behavior. In this case, the seizures are caused by rapid pulsing of lights at a dance club. Seizures are not caused by any other events, either together or in isolation. The pulsing lights are necessary to produce the seizures, and sufficient because they are the only event needed. |
|
|
Term
❑ Interaction with an abusive uncle will lead to an
increase in alcohol consumption in the following
hours; however, an argument with a spouse or
reprimand from a supervisor will also lead to an
increase in alcohol consumption. The
independent variable is:
a. Necessary and sufficient
b. Necessary but not sufficient
c. Neither necessary nor sufficient
d. Sufficient but not necessary |
|
Definition
d. Sufficient but not necessary
Correct
Events are sufficient but not necessary when the event can cause another event, but it isn’t required, nor is it the only way that event can be caused. Here, multiple different types of events cause an increase in alcohol consumption. So, these events are sufficient, in that they will cause alcohol consumption, but not necessary because multiple events can be the cause. |
|
|
Term
How do we determine if a causal
relation exists?
a. Through determinism
b. If changes in the DV cause changes
in the IV
c. Through systematic observations
during experiments
d. All of these |
|
Definition
Through systematic observations
during experiments. |
|
|
Term
What was Hume’s number one rule
of inferring causes?
a. Same effect results of the same
cause
b. Cause and effect are contiguous
c. Causes come before effects
d. Covariation must be constant
between variables |
|
Definition
c. caaueses come before effects
Hume’s number-one rule for inferring causes was that causes come before effects. We can only assess the cause-and-effect relation when we determine which occurs first. Among his other rules were that the same effect results of the same cause, cause and effect are contiguous, and that the covariation must be constant between variables. |
|
|
Term
❑Which measurement would be
considered more holistic?
a. Tantrum behavior
b. Yelling four times in one day
c. Yelling during 50% of intervals
d. Yelling for 10 minutes |
|
Definition
a. tantrum behavior
Holism in behavior analysis refers to observing the whole behavior and describing it qualitatively. The description of “tantrum behavior” is a more qualitative, holistic assessment of behavior. Reductionism in behavior analysis refers to breaking down events into parts to assess and measure changes over time. The other examples, would be duration (yelling for 10 minutes), interval (yelling during 50% of intervals) and rate (yelling four times in one day), which would be more quantitative measurements. |
|
|
Term
Which measurement would be
considered more reductionistic?
a. Self-injurious behavior
b. Hit head ten times in one hour
c. Hit head during five out of eight
two-minute intervals
d. Hit head for three minutes |
|
Definition
b. Hit head ten times in one hour
Reductionism in behavior analysis refers to breaking down events into parts to assess and measure changes over time. There are different levels of reductionism as we further quantify behavior. In these examples, “Hit head ten times in one hour” is a rate measurement and more of a reduction in measurement than the other examples. Duration of head hitting and percent of intervals of head hitting are also reductionistic approaches but are continuous and discrete measures rather than a more detailed count or rate. “Self-injurious behavior” is a qualitative description of a type of behavior and a more holistic approach. |
|
|
Term
❑Which of the following would be an
example of quantitative analysis in
behavior analysis?
a. Narrative recording
b. Interval recording
c. ABC data recording
d. Parent interview |
|
Definition
b. interval recording
A quantitative analysis involves observing and measuring behavior to determine patterns of behavior across time. It is a reductionist approach because we look at part of what is happening. Interval recording is an example of a quantitative analysis. A qualitative analysis is a more holistic assessment of the pattern of behavior during different times of day and in different settings. It is a direct observation that uses methods such as narrative recording and ABC data recording to determine what is happening in the environment around the behavior. It can lead to a quantitative analysis. A parent interview is an indirect assessment used to obtain initial information about behavior and possible maintaining variables. |
|
|
Term
❑Which is more reductionistic?
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative |
|
Definition
a. quantative
Correct
Quantitative analysis is a more reductionistic approach because it breaks down measurement of behavior into time periods. Qualitative analysis is more holistic because it looks at the whole picture of events to determine patterns over time and settings |
|
|
Term
Harvey sits with his client and asks how he feels
about the current treatment. Harvey uses this
information to summarize progress in his
quarterly report. This scenario is an example of
____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies scientific skepticism?
A. Even though her father had shown that he could cook an edible
meal, Miriam doubted his technique had improved.
B. Gladys asked her employees to rate on a scale of 1-5 how they
liked the new lottery system to assess its effectiveness.
C. While her friends shared their views, Annette avoided
commenting on the news story until she read the reports from
several sources.
D. Alvin observed his client and collected data on how often he
asked follow-up questions during conversations. |
|
Definition
C. While her friends shared their views, Annette avoided
commenting on the news story until she read the reports from
several sources. |
|
|
Term
Cameron noticed that his friend seemed more
serious than usual. This scenario is an
example of a(n) ________ observation.
A. Objective
B. Subjective
C. Controlled
D. Systematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BCBA Judith watched a recording of an in-home
session between RBT Sean and the client. She collected
data on Sean’s performance and emailed him feedback
based on the recorded session. This scenario is an
example of an ___ observation.
A. Obtrusive, direct
B. Obtrusive, indirect
C. Unobtrusive, direct
D. Unobtrusive, indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these scenarios exemplifies an unsystematic observation?
A. Myrtle entered the clinic room and collected data on the number of
employees in uniform. She planned on doing this once every day this
week.
B. Joy noticed four employees were currently parked in spots reserved
for customers.
C. Luke gathered rate data on his client’s aggression before and after his
team introduced the intervention package.
D. Nelson planned to supervise his RBT for two hours during next week's session |
|
Definition
B. Joy noticed four employees were currently parked in spots
reserved for customers. |
|
|
Term
Many fans consider Ray Allen one of the greatest three- point shooters in NBA history, with a three-point
shooting percentage of almost 40%. NBA fans and
historians agree that a three-point percentage of over
35% is outstanding. If you observe a player whose
shooting percentage meets or exceeds that criterion,
the claim that the player is an exceptional three-point
shooter is _____.
A. Accurate
B. Valid
C. Reliable |
|
Definition
| B. Valid (correspondence to an agreed-upon criterion) |
|
|
Term
A baseball player hits a ball that floats over left field. The
left fielder runs after the ball but stops running, letting the
ball drop. The batter continues running the bases, but the
left fielder shouts at the umpire that the ball landed outside
the foul line, which would mean that the batter had to
continue batting. An instant replay reveals that the ball was
indeed "foul." The left fielder's observation corresponded
to the truth, as shown by the instant replay, and is,
therefore, _____.
A. Accurate
B. Valid
C. Reliable |
|
Definition
| A. Accurate (correspondence to a true criterion) |
|
|
Term
All of Judith’s cohort studied for the board exam, but
those who came to the study group passed with flying
colors. Therefore, those who attended the study group
were more likely to pass. This scenario exemplifies
which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
A. Method of Agreement – the scenario points out a
commonality
Therefore, those who attended the study
group were more likely to pass. |
|
|
Term
All the members of the workout program attended class on
Wednesday, and they were all given a choice of whether to start on
the treadmills or the weight floor. Chris and his group started with
the weight floor, and they all reported that the workout was easy.
On the other hand, Nathan and his group started on the treadmills,
and all felt the workout was brutal. Chris now believes that starting
on the weight floor makes the class easier. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference – the scenario points
out a commonality in the first group (Chris’s group chose the weight
floor and reported “easy”), a difference (Nathan’s group chose the
treadmill first and reported “brutal”), and a conclusion is made (Chris
thinks starting off with weights is easier)
ex. Chris and his group started with the weight floor, and
they all reported that the workout was easy. On the other hand, Nathan
and his group started on the treadmills, and all felt the workout was
brutal. |
|
|
Term
Shelly and Norma are looking at a picture of a dress on
Shelly’s phone. They both agree that the dress is black
and blue. Jenny says they agree because they both
come from a culture that has historically labeled these
colors as black and blue. Norma says that they agree
because each time they labeled these colors as black
and blue, they received contingent social
reinforcement. Shelly’s explanation is _____, whereas
Norma’s explanation is _____.
A. Holistic; reductionist
B. Reductionist; holistic |
|
Definition
| A. Holistic; reductionist |
|
|
Term
Lucy, a BCBA, and Andy, an RBT, work with a student
who frequently makes inappropriate comments. Lucy
states that the student makes inappropriate comments
because his teachers, parents, and other therapists
have a long history of acknowledging inappropriate
behavior. Andy states that the student’s peers reinforce
inappropriate comments in class. Lucy takes a _____
approach, whereas Andy takes a _______ approach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While Chelsea’s new client’s caregivers have
stated that cookies are his favorite snacks,
Chelsea directly verifies this through a paired
stimulus preference assessment. This scenario is
an example of ____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To explain why his employees were
expressing performance problems, Milton
examined the entire company, including every
process and interaction between
departments. This scenario is an example of
which of the following?
A. Reductionism
B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these scenarios exemplifies a systematic, controlled observation? A. Felipe schedules an observation of his staff during the social skills group later in the week. B. Josh had Kyle and Santiago take turns working with a client. Josh recorded a higher rate of tantrums when Kyle worked with the client. C. Christie walked past her vehicle and noticed a new dent. D. While walking, Rebecca saw several people wearing the same sweatshirt as her. |
|
Definition
| B. Josh had Kyle and Santiago take turns working with a client. Josh recorded a higher rate of tantrums when Kyle worked with the client. - IV manipulated |
|
|
Term
Rather than collect data on the rate of social
media check-ins, Gerard surveys several
individuals on their feeling toward social media
and present his findings. This scenario is an
example of ____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whenever Cal sits on the couch, his dog Buddy jumps
up and lays on his lap. Either Cal sitting on the couch
causes Buddy to lay on his lap, or Buddy laying on his
lap results in Cal sitting on the couch. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
D. Method of Concomitant Variation – the two
events closely correlate, so one is either the cause
or effect of the other |
|
|
Term
Paula logged onto the online database and
recorded the number of BCBAs that submitted
their session notes on time. This scenario is an
example of a(n) ___ observation.
A. Indirect
B. Controlled
C. Obtrusive
D. Systematic |
|
Definition
| A. Indirect – permanent product measure |
|
|
Term
Kona wants to see how long it takes his student
to begin working on his assignment when Kona
gives the signal. Kona and his teacher establish
that the student should begin working within 15
seconds. Kona starts his timer when he provides
the student with the worksheet and says, “Begin.”
This scenario exemplifies a measure of _____.
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
B. . Validity (correspondence to an agreed-upon criterion)
EX. establish that the
student should begin working within 15 seconds. |
|
|
Term
Sandra boasted that the latest intervention had
successfully decreased her client’s aggression after she
tried a few different options. Joann had previously
seen the client, so she withheld judgment until she saw
the data. This scenario is an example of ____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tommy showed his uncle the results of the latest
studies conclusively stating that a new medicine
could treat a specific disease. Tommy’s uncle
huffed and said the results were probably just
made up. This scenario is an example of ____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Luis has a patient who reports frequent negative
thoughts. Luis can take approaches to this: 1) he looks
at each instance of private behavior as an event with
its antecedents and consequences that may be similar,
or 2) he sees these thoughts as evidence of a more
significant pattern of behavior that few antecedents
and consequences can explain. The first approach
represents the ______ explanation of behavior, whereas
the second approach exemplifies ______.
A. Molar, molecular
B. Molecular, molar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bob, Francis, Arturo, and Harriet trained for the half- marathon. However, during the race, only Harriet kept
an even pace throughout and felt okay at the end. They
conclude Harriet felt okay because she was the only
one that kept an even pace throughout. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
B. Method of Difference – the scenario points out a
difference
EX. They conclude Harriet felt okay because she was the
only one that kept an even pace throughout. |
|
|
Term
While Blanca practiced her presentation, she
wanted Annie to count the number of times that
Blanca used a filler word such as “um” or “like.”
This scenario is an example of a(n) ________
observation.
A. Subjective
B. Controlled
C. Naturalistic
D. Unsystematic |
|
Definition
C. Naturalistic – the observation occurs under a set
of rules (during the presentation and does not
involve manipulating an IV) |
|
|
Term
Megan records the IRT of Louie’s bites of food. She
observed that the average IRT was 18 seconds. After
reviewing a video recording, which allowed him to
pause and rewind, Megan’s supervisor noted that the
average was, in fact, 18 seconds. He compared this
measure with Megan’s. This scenario exemplifies a
measure of _____.
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
A. Accuracy (correspondence to a true criterion)
EX.was, in fact, 18 seconds. |
|
|
Term
Bobbie, Melanie, Maria, and Alison agreed to start a new self- management routine together to complete their reports
independently while still checking in with one another.
Bobbie saw they all struggled to stay on task for the first few
days. However, Alison did very well after a week because she
also used a Pomodoro timer. Bobbie tried using the Pomodoro
timer and found more success. She concluded using the timer
was the best way to enhance the self-management procedure.
This scenario exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference – the scenario
points out a commonality, a difference (only Alison used the timer), and a conclusion is made (Bobbie finds success with the
timer too and concludes it enhanced the procedure)
EX. bie saw they all struggled
to stay on task for the first few days. However, Alison did very well
after a week because she also used a Pomodoro timer. |
|
|
Term
Every time Ada leaves her trashcan outside for the valet service to collect, she finds that they leave it open, attracting a swarm of mosquitoes the next morning. However, when she leaves a sign on the trashcan, they close it. She tries taking the sign off and finds her trashcan open the next morning with bugs flying around it. She replaces the sign and finds her trashcan closed and mosquito-free the following day. She concludes that posting the sign results in the valet service closing her trashcan after emptying it. This scenario exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
| D. Method of Concomitant Variation –Ada makes her conclusion through systematic manipulation |
|
|
Term
udy focuses on her form when she runs, lifts weights, and stretches and has, thus far, felt minimal soreness. Judy concludes that focusing on her form results in minimal soreness. This scenario exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
A. Method of Agreement – the scenario points out a commonality
EX. Judy concludes that focusing on her form results in minimal soreness. |
|
|
Term
During an interview, Cole completes a questionnaire based on his client’s responses. About a week later, Cole watches a recording of the interview. He independently completes the questionnaire and compares it to his responses during the live interview. This scenario exemplifies a measure of _____.
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
| C. Reliability (comparison between observations) |
|
|
Term
Alexis heard about the benefits of avoiding electronics before bed on sleep from her friend Maddie. However, she waited until she read a study from a peer-reviewed journal before agreeing to try it out. This scenario is an example of ____. A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gordon’s parents have stated that he has been excessively swearing at school. Rather than take their word for it, BCBA Julian directly collected data while observing Gordon in class. This scenario is an example of ____.
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BCBA Kimberly sat in the room observing RBT Bridget work with the client. Kimberly took notes on Bridget implementing a token system. She provided Bridget with feedback using those notes. This scenario is an example of an ___ observation.
A. Obtrusive, direct
B. Unobtrusive, direct
C. Obtrusive, indirect
D. Unobtrusive, indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jasiel collects data on the number of times his client engaged in minor SIB during a functional analysis trial. At the same time, his coworker Elizabeth collects data. They compare their data sheets after the end of the trial. This scenario exemplifies a measure of _____.
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
| C. Reliability (comparison between observations) |
|
|
Term
Cheryl’s friend group packed for the trip ahead of time. However, Cheryl was the only one who packed at the last minute. Because of this, Cheryl was late to the airport. This scenario exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
Method of _______ |
|
Definition
| Method of Difference - the scenario points out a difference |
|
|
Term
Rather than look at the entire company, Amaryllis interviewed a few employees and explored the variables responsible for each of their performance problems. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Reductionism
B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these is an example of positivism?
A. David was assigned to write an essay about how his political views affect his behavior.
B. Scottie measured the plant and compared it to the measurement from the last time he measured the plant to determine how much it had grown.
C. Alyssa claimed, "I don't believe my brother's stories about his adventures unless I was there to see the events occur."
D. Despite a 3-month decreasing trend in the data, Mona stated that the problem behavior was sure to come back |
|
Definition
| B. Scottie measured the plant and compared it to the measurement from the last time he measured the plant to determine how much it had grown. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is an example of interpretivism?
A. Michael used a radar speed gun to measure how fast he was running.
B. Nadim said he got an A on his final exam. His mom asked to see the exam to verify the score.
C. Despite what the data showed him, Eugene did not believe that his new diet resulted in weight loss.
D. Corinne tried to convince her friend Amanda to move to Florida, stating, “It’s honestly not that hot here!” |
|
Definition
| D. Corinne tried to convince her friend Amanda to move to Florida, stating “it’s honestly not that hot here!” |
|
|
Term
After the movie, Marcel said, “Wasn’t that fantastic?” Vivian said, “Are you kidding? That was awful!” This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sylvia was in disbelief regarding how quickly her client was acquiring novel tacts until her RBT showed her the data. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phillip says that, regardless of what the test results say, he does not believe that his students have mastered the content. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cedric used a clicker to count the number of free throws Gwendolyn made in a minute. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Positivism
B. Interpretivism
C. Scientific skepticism
D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fred observed and collected data on client engagement
during circle time through the one-way observation mirror
located at his clinic. This scenario is an example of which of
the following types of observation?
A. Obtrusive observation
B. Unobtrusive observation |
|
Definition
| B. Unobtrusive observation |
|
|
Term
Luan’s aide follows him around during outdoor recess to
record data on social engagement. This scenario is an
example of which of the following types of observation?
A. Obtrusive observation
B. Unobtrusive observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tara watches her colleagues engage in cleaning behaviors at the pathology lab to ensure they occur before the shift ends. Which of the following types of observation is this scenario an example of?
A. Direct observation
B. Indirect observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Grant reviews the payroll log to view when employees were clocked into work. Which of the following types of observation is this scenario an example of?
A. Direct observation
B. Indirect observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While working on her thesis, Katie asks another students to take frequency data of stimming behaviors during the alone phase of a Functional Analysis. Katie also takes data at the same time. This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During the state swimming championship, each swimmer’s lane is outfitted with an electronic pad. The electronic pad is activated when the start tone sounds and times duration until the swimmer taps the pad at the end of the race. Additionally, as a backup, a person uses a stopwatch to count the duration, starting the timer when the start tone sounds and stopping the timer when they visually observe the swimmer touch the electronic pad at the end of the race. This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rachel wants to test the latency between her telling her dog to “come” and when her dog begins to head towards her. She begins a timer after she states “come.” This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You and I agree that the color of the shirt is blue because we both have cone cells in our retinas which are responsible for the perception of color. This statement is an example of which of the following?
A. Reductionism
B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Susie always follows rules. Rather than explaining this as a history of contacting reinforcement for rule-following, her mom simply says, it’s because she comes from a good family, and she has good values. This scenario is an example of which of the following?
A. Reductionism
B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Doc asked teachers for their opinion of how effective their teaching has been.
A. Positivism
b. Interpretivism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of positivism?
A. Evaluating a quality of a sculpture by the emotional response of the observer
B. Judging a musician based on the number of errors made when playing a piece of music
C. Belief a treatment is effective based on word of mouth |
|
Definition
| B.Judging a musician based on the number of errors made when playing a piece of music |
|
|
Term
When an item is identified as highly preferred in a preference assessment, Jorge says, “Let’s wait to see if it actually increases responding before we consider it a reinforcer.” After behavior increases he accepts the label of reinforcer. This reflects which?
A.Skepticism
B. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three friends give Joan their input on buying a new car. Sheryl suggests the model she drives, and cites the maintenance history and gas milage. Brad says, “Go with your gut, when you see it you’ll know.” Debbie says, “It’s all a scam. You’ll end up over paying one way or another.” Joan says, “I think I will test drive a few and weigh the prices and specs.” Which is an example of Cynicism?
A.Joan
B. Sheryl
C. Brad
D. DEBBIE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jesse takes each exam and rate them according to difficulty. Which type of observation?
A. Subjective
b. Objective
C. Unsystematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an indirect observation?
A. Britton watches children interact
B. Denise gives a teacher a questionnaire about student behavior
C. Cris checks on employees every 2 hours
D. Paola observes behavior when attention is withheld |
|
Definition
| b.Denise gives a teacher a questionnaire about student behavior |
|
|
Term
Which is an example of an unsystematic observation?
A.Tonya tracks monthly sales totals
B. Bill notices 3 dogs while out on a walk
C. Martin tests each chili and rates his favorite |
|
Definition
| b. Bill notices 3 dogs while out on a walk |
|
|
Term
Tona sits the back of the classroom to watch the teacher conduct the lesson. She scores the interactions as they occur.
A. Obtrusive
B.Unobtrusive
C. Controlled
D. Unsystematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of naturalistic systematic observation?
A. Olina gives children puzzles of increasing difficulty and watches how they respond
B. Mina sets up trail cams on her land to record wildlife activity
C. Walt tests progress with new hire training by presenting specific tasks |
|
Definition
| b.Mina sets up trail cams on her land to record wildlife activity |
|
|
Term
Match with the type of “Trustworthiness”
1. Scott and Bea both track number of head hits
2. Bea ensures relevant definition for ”head hits” and dimensions measured
3. Scott checks his count with what is on a video recording
A. Accuracy
B. Reliability
C. Validity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the students with the highest test scores had 1 thing in common: they used SAFMEDS to study.
A, Method of agreement
B. Method of difference
C. Joint method of agreement and difference
D. Method of concomitant variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The only difference in Marie’s studies is that sometimes she uses SAFMEDS and sometimes she does not. Her test scores are higher with SAFMEDS studying than without.
A. Method of agreement
B. Method of difference
C. Joint method of agreement and difference
D. Method of concomitant variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of the method of concomitant variation?
A. Lenny notices the more drinks he has during the week, the lower his test scores. So, he examines how a different number of drinks each week impact test scores
B. Brandy notices that her client engages in problem behavior only when the nanny drops the client off |
|
Definition
| A. Lenny notices the more drinks he has during the week, the lower his test scores. So, he examines how a different number of drinks each week impact test scores |
|
|
Term
He is a fast runner because he has more fast-twitch muscles in his legs than slow-twitch. This statement is an example of which of the following?
A. Reductionism
B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of Holism?
A. Examining “speeding” behavior by explaining the mechanisms of the car’s motor
B. Examining “speeding” behavior in the context of where the person is going, why they are going there, and how often they drive the roads |
|
Definition
| B.Examining “speeding” behavior in the context of where the person is going, why they are going there, and how often they drive the roads |
|
|
Term
William is swinging a hammer because he is building a birdhouse. In the past, this behavior and others have resulted in creating a birdhouse. This scenario is an example of which of the following reinforcement theories?
A. Molar reinforcement theory
B. Molecular reinforcement theory |
|
Definition
| A. Molar reinforcement theory |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a molecular reinforcement theory?
A. Eb uses a sander because in the past it has resulted in smooth wood
B. Eb uses a sander because in the past the furniture he builds is better when he uses it |
|
Definition
| A. Eb uses a sander because in the past the furniture he builds is better when he uses it |
|
|
Term
Which of these is an example of naturalistic systematic observation?
A. Abbie began to record every time her infant cried when she left the room and if her infant would stop crying when she came back into view.
B. Orsen notices that each time he walks into Ms. Smith’s classroom, several children are out of their seats and chatting with one another.
C. Bethany counted the number of employees properly wearing their PPE as they walked into work.
D..Kenny recorded the instances of problem behavior that occurred during each functional analysis condition. |
|
Definition
| A. Abbie began to record every time her infant cried when she left the room and if her infant would stop crying when she came back into view. |
|
|
Term
Abbie took turns with her mother walking in and out of the room. Each time Abbie walked out of the room, the infant would cry and immediately stop crying when she returned to view. When her mother walked out of the room, the infant did not begin to cry. This scenario is an example of which of the following types of observation?
A. Unsystematic observation
B. Naturalistic systematic observation
C. Controlled systematic observation |
|
Definition
| C. Controlled Systematic Observation |
|
|
Term
During the state swimming championship, each swimmer’s lane is outfitted with an electronic pad. The electronic pad is activated when the start tone sounds and times duration until the swimmer taps the pad at the end of the race. Additionally, as a backup, a person uses a stopwatch to count the duration, starting the timer when the start tone sounds and stopping the timer when they visually observe the swimmer touch the electronic pad at the end of the race. This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
a. Accuracy
b. Validity
c. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ramon wants to record how long it takes for his student to start working. To do this, Ramon starts a timer as soon as the teacher prompts the class to begin. This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
a.Accuracy
b.Validity
c. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a supervision session, Hayley takes celeration data on her client's tacting during a one-minute timing while her supervisee does the same. This scenario is an example of which of the following considerations?
a. Accuracy
b. Validity
c. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reese was the only student that came to the optional study session, and subsequently, he got 100% on the exam. This scenario is an example of which of the following of Mill’s four methods?
a. Method of agreement
b. Method of difference
c. Joint method of agreement and difference
d. Method of concomitant variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which position is also known as AntiPositivism?
A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Which position is associated with objective observation? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Which position is associated with judging a claim regardless of evidence? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which position is associated with philosophic doubt? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which position is most closely associated with empiricism? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. Gokey weighs her kittens each day, then graphs the weight to determine their growth. • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scott reviews the graphs of kitten weight and says, “Yes, it would appear they are growing quickly, based on those numbers!” • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caroline says, “I don’t care what your graphs say, kittens don’t grow that fast!” • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Todd says, “I saw the signs to wear a mask. I wonder if it works! We can tell by the number of people in masks we see.” • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One RBT says, “That was the worst tantrum I’ve ever seen.” The RBT training them replies, “You ain’t seen nothing yet, that was mild.” • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which method is more likely to have bias? A. Subjective B. Objective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA sits in a corner of the room and records everything the client does over a 30- minute period. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
|
Definition
| C. Naturalistic systematic |
|
|
Term
| The parent reports to the BCBA that they feel like tantrums have intensified the last few days. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA uses a ME design to test different possible behavior functions. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The babysitter notices that giving the child vegetables causes crying, but the dessert they ate later on did not. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA trains the RBTs on writing down details in the ABC chart. • What type of data collection does this exemplify? A. Mechanical B. Human |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA sets up the computer to record whenever the lever is pressed at least 1cm with at least 1N of force. • What type of data collection does this exemplify? A. Mechanical B. Human |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA takes IOA data for their RBT on the number of times the client swears in 1 hour. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The score on the PEAK assessment tends to correlate with scores on VBMAPP, ABLLS, and IQ tests. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BCBA re-scores a session video to make sure they get the same number of bites. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of mands recorded in session reflects the actual number of mands that occurred. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bishop hides during thunderstorms and hides during firework shows. Dr. Gokey determines loud noises cause Bishop to hide. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Bishop hides while the thunderstorm is raging, but stops hiding once the storm passes. Dr. Gokey concludes the storm causes Bishop to hide. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. Gokey gets a decibel meter and finds that the louder and more frequent the noise, the sooner and longer Bishop hides. Dr. Gokey believes that either hiding causes storms, or storms cause hiding. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
| D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
|
Term
| Dr. Gokey plays some thunderstorm sounds relaxation CDs at different times and volumes, then compares how much Bishop hides at similar times without the CD playing. She concludes the loud noises produce hiding. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
|
Definition
| C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference |
|
|
Term
| The Klingon instructor evaluates pronunciation for each phoneme individually. Gokey still struggles to pronounce ghay correctly. • Which does this most exemplify? A. Reductionism B. Holism |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| The Klingon certification master evaluates Gokey’s performance on general writing, speaking, listening, and comprehension tests, and gives her a final overall score of 95%. • Which does this most exemplify? A. Reductionism B. Holism |
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Definition
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Term
| • Dr. Gokey ranks her quail by weight in ounces and number of eggs produced in a week. High ranks have chicks, low ranks go to freezer camp. • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
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Definition
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Term
| An online ‘quail expert’ says it doesn’t matter which quail are paired, the only real difference will be feather patterns. • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
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Definition
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Term
| Another online ‘quail expert’ asks to see Dr. Gokey’s rate of egg laying over successive generations, noting that it appears breeding for productivity is effective. • Which position does this exemplify? A. Positivism B. Interpretivism C. Scientific Skepticism D. Cynicism |
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Definition
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Term
| If you wish to minimize bias, which approach should you use? A. Subjective B. Objective |
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Definition
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Term
| A descriptive assessment. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Definition
| C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Term
| A functional analysis. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Definition
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Term
| • ABC Charting. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Definition
| C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Term
| A parental interview. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Unsystematic B. Controlled systematic C. Naturalistic systematic |
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Definition
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Term
| A closed-circuit camera is hidden in the ceiling of the treatment room, so the BCBA can watch sessions from the main office. • What type of observation does this exemplify? A. Obtrusive B. Unobtrusive |
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Definition
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Term
| The BCBA scores the RBT’s treatment integrity. Before giving them feedback, they re-score it from a recording, just to be safe. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
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Definition
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Term
| • The integrity score the BCBA had was a true representation of the RBT’s implementation integrity. • What factor does this most exemplify? A. Validity B. Accuracy C. Reliability |
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Definition
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Term
| One quail hen ate sprouts and mealworms. The other ate only sprouts. The first got sour crop. Dr. Gokey determines the mealworms went bad. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
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Term
| • One quail hen ate sprouts and mealworms. The other ate only sprouts. Both got sour crop. Dr. Gokey determines the sprouts went bad. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Gokey notices that illness is more prevalent in her quail covey when its hot and humid, and less prevalent when its cool and dry. She determines there is a relation between health and temperature. • What method does this most exemplify? A. Method of Agreement B. Method of Difference C. Joint Method of Agreement & Difference D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
| D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Term
| The BCBA evaluates the latency from the SD to the specific instance of tantrumming. • Which does this most exemplify? A. Molar B. Molecular |
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Definition
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Term
| The BCBA compares the rate of tantrums over session to the rate of reinforcement over session. • Which does this most exemplify? A. Molar B. Molecular |
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Definition
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Term
All the members of the workout program attended class on
Wednesday, and they were all given a choice of whether to start on
the treadmills or the weight floor. Chris and his group started with
the weight floor, and they all reported that the workout was easy.
On the other hand, Nathan and his group started on the treadmills,
and all felt the workout was brutal. Chris now believes that starting
on the weight floor makes the class easier. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference – the scenario points
out a commonality in the first group (Chris’s group chose the weight
floor and reported “easy”), a difference (Nathan’s group chose the
treadmill first and reported “brutal”), and a conclusion is made (Chris
thinks starting off with weights is easier) |
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Term
Whenever Cal sits on the couch, his dog Buddy jumps
up and lays on his lap. Either Cal sitting on the couch
causes Buddy to lay on his lap, or Buddy laying on his
lap results in Cal sitting on the couch. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
| D. Method of Concomitant Variation – the two events closely correlate, so one is either the cause or effect of the other |
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Term
Bob, Francis, Arturo, and Harriet trained for the half-
marathon. However, during the race, only Harriet kept
an even pace throughout and felt okay at the end. They
conclude Harriet felt okay because she was the only
one that kept an even pace throughout. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
B. Method of Difference – the scenario points out a difference
They conclude Harriet felt okay because she was the only one that kept an even pace throughout. |
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Term
Every time Ada leaves her trashcan outside for the valet service to
collect, she finds that they leave it open, attracting a swarm of
mosquitoes the next morning. However, when she leaves a sign on
the trashcan, they close it. She tries taking the sign off and finds her
trashcan open the next morning with bugs flying around it. She
replaces the sign and finds her trashcan closed and mosquito-free
the following day. She concludes that posting the sign results in the
valet service closing her trashcan after emptying it. This scenario
exemplifies which of Mill’s four methods?
A. Method of Agreement
B. Method of Difference
C. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
D. Method of Concomitant Variation |
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Definition
D. Method of Concomitant Variation –Ada makes her
conclusion through systematic manipulation |
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Term
During an interview, Cole completes a
questionnaire based on his client’s responses.
About a week later, Cole watches a recording of
the interview. He independently completes the
questionnaire and compares it to his responses
during the live interview. This scenario
exemplifies a measure of _____.
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability |
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Definition
| C. Reliability (comparison between observations) |
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