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| The late 19th century worldwide colonialism of European Powers interested in strategic and market advantage. |
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| South African war fought in 1879 between Britain and the Zulu people. Its cause was Afrikaner expansion during the Great Trek and a British desire to defeat Africans who stood in the way of white settlement. |
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| Berlin Conference of 1884 |
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| A conference called by Otto Von Bismarck of all the major European Powers to find a formula for comparing claims to foreign territory and to temper potential conflicts. |
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| A phrase coined by Rudyard Kipling to refer to what he considered the necessity of bringing European civilization to non-Europeans. |
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| South African Boer "pioneers" who trekked away from Cape Colony and civilization to settle deep inland on the South African frontier. |
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| The sudden race for colonies in Africa among the major European nations that occurred between about 1882-1914. |
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| One of the principles established during the Berlin Conference of 1884 for recognizing colonial claims. Essentially, it required that for a claim to be made, an effective administrative and police presence had to be established in the territory in question. |
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| A movement which acquired several supporters in high places. The persuaded the British parliament and US to end slavery in 1807-1808. |
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| King of the Zulu people of South Africa. During the 1810s, he united the Zulu into a powerful, militaristic state in the region of Natal. |
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| Europeans remained confined to the Coastal regions. Europeans had the greatest and most destructive impact on the coastal regions. |
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| A British explorer, builder, visionary, and ambitious man who loves adventure. He is the kind of guy whose life in Africa made him stand out as a hero. He led Africa into a more modern world. |
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| The march of the Boers, beginning in 1836, into the northeastern interior of South African where they founded the so called Boer Republic. |
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| The Dutch colonists who had been the initial European settlers of South Africa. |
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| When representatives of the government are in the country, that is direct rule. Indirect rule is when the local people rule in the name of the country. |
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| The era in African history that lasted from the 1400s to about 1880, when Europeans remained content to restrict their dreams with Africa primarily to trade. |
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| Coastal trading points, with gold as the main export. later, it shifts to slaves. |
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| The adaptation of Darwinian biology to apply to human society in simplistic terms. |
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| The late 19th century attempt by Chinese officials to bring China into the modern world by instituting reforms; failed to achieve this goal. |
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| Establishment of Orange Free State |
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| The Afrikaners were forced north to the orange river. Here they settled and discovered diamonds. After finding the diamonds, much of Europe soon followed. |
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| a Muslim who started jihads and holy wars to get missionaries and the rest of France out of his land. He even sparked a resistance in Northern France. |
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| The rebellion of anti-manzhou rebels in China in the 1860s. |
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| Trade was often conducted by sailors right on coastal beaches. Fortified trading posts like the famous Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast were founded at wide intervals. |
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| (1835-1908) - This empress managed to hold the throne for almost 50 years, focusing on little more than strengthening her own position. |
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| Chinese name for the diplomatic and territorial arrangements foisted on the weak Qing Dynasty by European powers in the 19th century; also, the commercial treaties forced on just-opened Japan by the same powers and the United States. |
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| Sometimes referred to as just Indochina. This was the official French name for their colony that invaded Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. |
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| Factors contributing to the Taiping rebellion |
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-Discontent with the corruption and incompetence of the government officials.
-The rapidly worsening problems of overpopulation in southern China.
-The strong appeal of Hong's prophetic visions.
-Hong's promise of a new millenarian order that would follow the overthrow of the Qing rulers and their Confucian elites.
-The total ineffectiveness of the Qing armed forces. |
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| (1839-1842) - Conflicts that occurred on the Chinese coast between the British and the Chinese over the importation of opium into China. The Chinese were defeated, which led to 80 years of foreign subordination. |
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| Mixed-blood people of color in colonial Spanish America. |
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| The Boxers were a fanatical, quasi-religious society who believed they had nothing to fear from bullets. These peasants revolted in an attempt to overthrow the 'foreign devils'. Quickly crushed. |
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| Shift from gold to slaves |
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| Soon however slaves took the place of gold as the most profitable and most pursued item of trade. Coastal peoples in mutually profitable fashion delivered both slaves and goods to the Europeans. |
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| Dutch method of extracting wealth from Indonesian peasants by paying fixed prices for their crops; often rip-offs. |
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| Over reliance on one or two crops in a region; an economically precarious system. |
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| A pact concluded in 1882 that united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy against possible attackers. The members were called the Central Powers. |
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| The Mexican priest who started the revolt against Spain in 1810. |
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| He liberated Argentina and Chile with his volunteer army. |
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| The diplomatic agreement of 1904 that ended British-French enmity and was meant as a warning to Germany. |
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| He liberated northern South America and is best known and most revered of the three. As a tragic hero, he ultimately failed at his self-appointed task of uniting the various regions under a U.S. style federal constitution. |
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| Bismarck's system of maintaining the status quo |
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| He has 2 problems there, the Catholics and the guys on the left. He first goes after the Catholics but then fails, and so he gives up that struggle. Then he moves to the socialists (the largest party in Germany). He bans the party and forces them underground. |
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| The announcement in 1823 by James Monroe that no European interference in Latin America would be tolerated. |
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| A rule who went out of his way to alienate, allowing a previous treaty of friendship to lapse. |
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| Unique road to Brazil's independence. |
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| The Portuguese Royalty go to live in Brazil and then move back to Portugal, all except for their oldest son (the heir). The Prince as a very strong backing among the local Criollos. The Royal family see an independent future in this boy, but he declares independent authority over Portugal. The son establishes a constitutional monarchy. |
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| Interests of the various nation states |
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Definition
Serbia - Freedom
Austria- Balkan control
Russia- Serbia's freedom
French- defeat Germany
Germany- Defend Austria and increase power
England- Defeat Germany |
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| A regional chieftain and usurping strongman who achieves national power in Latin America. |
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| Austrian ultimatum to Serbia |
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| either you let us come in and investigate the assassination and you will declare all anti-Austrian illegal. The point of the ultimatum is to be rejected, not accepted. |
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| Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
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| Austrian heir to the throne as the king is very near death. He was assassinated by Serbia and this is one of the reasons for Austria to go to war. |
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| When Austria goes to war with Serbia, Germany says that they will back them no matter what happens and to any end. |
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| Russia's general mobilization |
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| Russia is a big country and needs a lot of time to mobilize all of its troops from all over its country. It begins to mobilize to make its army ready for war, and Germany sees this is a declaration of war. |
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| One of the most infamous examples of a territory-obsessed caudillo. He ruled Buenos Aires, then all of Argentina. As a young man he rejected all things Spanish, acquired a large ranch, and created a successful beef-salting business. |
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| Germany doesn't want to fight a two front war, so they decide to take out France quick before Russia can get its troops over quickly enough to force a battle on the eastern border of Germany. |
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| He was born and died in India, Amerindian. What is the text’s point? If you are little skinned, then you can make it no matter your background. He is a hero to Mexico. |
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| Expectation/outmoded understanding of war |
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| Germany used its submarine to attack ships from below the sea, so that their enemies couldn't see them. The Americans and British considered this cowardly. |
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| In Latin America, a type of serfdom that tied peasant workers to a hacienda through alleged debts owed the the employer. |
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| This is where the Germans were stopped by the French. This caught the Germans completely off guard and lead to the downfall of the Schlieffen plan, and forced Germany to fight a two front war. |
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| Huge rural plantations which grew after Brazilian independence. |
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| Status of pure-blooded Amerindians |
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| They remained mainly outside public life, although they technically became equal citizens when slavery was abolished. |
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| Trench warfare was brutal. The trenches were about 6 feet deep and ranged from 1/2 mile to 200 yards apart. The trenches were a series and went back for miles. They weren't meant to make advancements but rather hold the line. |
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| Submarines used by the Germans which were considered cheat. |
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| An Englishman who published The Origin of Species in 1859. |
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| Charles Darwin's book that first enunciated the evolutionary theory in biology; published in 1859. |
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| The President who finally declared war and went to battle. He had to give a speech to Congress and he talked about making a safer world with worldwide democracy and to end human conflict. |
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| America's entry into the war |
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| entailed a series of episodes all of which turned American thinking more and more against Germany. We had declared neutrality, but were of course not neutral. |
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| "Survival of the Fittest". The Darwinian doctrine in biology that change in species derives from mechanistic changes induced by the environment. |
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| Russia's inability to sustain its war effort |
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| Russia never really industrialized and this was fine early in the war. But when the strains of time come on, where the industrial powers could continue, Russia could not. |
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| Overthrow of Russian autocracy |
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| In 1916, Russia soldiers are in winter without boots. You also find them with guns but no ammo. There is desertion among the Russian ranks. In 1917, the authority collapses. Russia’s effort in the war will be hobbled and ridiculous for the rest of the time. Then Lenin comes to power, and he pulls Russia out of the war ASAP. |
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| Lenin gets a treaty with Germany that officially ends the involvement of Russia in the war. |
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| Nature's variety and the evolution of species is due to natural selection. |
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| Wilson's "Fourteen Points" |
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| With the end, there is freedom of the seas, colonies become nations, and the league of nations is born. Germany in 1918 (summer-early fall) will have lost another offensive, and come to the conclusion that the war is not winnable. They will agree to the fourteen points Wilson has come up with. They agree to stop the war with the fact that the 14 points will guide what follows. |
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| Very early on, WWI becomes propaganda, it is a Total War. You have to mobilize the minds and bodies of the people. It is the use of technology for massive destruction. |
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| Mobilization of minds and bodies |
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| To sustain the war, you increasingly talk about the stakes (civilization for the French and England). The Germans are transformed into death mongrels, and you call them Huns in the media. Even once we get involved, we change words because some words are Germanic. |
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| The 1871 publication by Charles Darwin that applied selective evolution theory to mankind. |
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| Planning was successful on the part of the Triple Entente and US but it failed massively on the part of Germany and the Schlieffen plan. |
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| You mobilize your population and you also pull women out of the home and put them in factories. When the boys return from war, they go back to the factory and the women lose their jobs. But it had been established that women are not unable to do men’s work. |
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| End of Newtonian Understanding |
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| Einstein has trashed Newtonian understanding. If Einstein can do that to Newton, someone could later do that to relativity. |
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| Ideological war aims become paramount |
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| Einstein comes up with the idea of the electro-magnetic field. Energy=(Mass)(light speed)squared. Energy is what a thing is, fundamentally, everything has an electro-magnetic field, and it is one continuous field. |
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| Realities vs. the fourteen points at Versailles |
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| The US Senate rejected the Paris treaties in 1919. The US eventually made separate treaties with each of the defeated states, duplicating the Paris treaties with the exception of the League of Nations paragraph. |
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| General Theory of Relativity |
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| Einstein's theory that introduced the modern era of physics in 1916. |
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| Clemenceau, Orlando, Lloyd George |
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| They were all opposed to a peace without victors, which to them meant political suicide or worse. |
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| He headed a major research lab for many years and revolutionized the study of energy with his quantum theory, by which energy is discharged in a not fully predictable series of emissions from its sources, rather than a smooth and uniform stream. |
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| The theory that the cosmos was created by an enormous explosion of gases billions of years ago. |
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| Turkey dissolved into 6 states under French and British control and Germany lost 10% of its land to various neighbors. |
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| These states were Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia. These states were what took over Austria's land. |
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| The social sciences have human beings, collectively or individually, as their subject matter. |
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| The amount of damages was to be calculated by the victors at a later date. It eventually was announced as 33 billion. |
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| Once the truths collapse, we enter a world where nothing is unpermitted. |
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| The League of Nations tried to disarm Germany but it had no armed force at its disposal, and the league members never had any intention of creating one. |
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| An organ created by the Paris treaties with universal membership that was to act as a permanent board of mediation when international conflicts arose. |
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| It started internally in Africa, then spread to Portugal, then all over the rest of Europe, and it ended going trans-Atlantic. |
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| Idea of the Dark Continent |
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| This is what Africa was called because it was the last, great, unexplored region. |
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| When Portugal set up a sugar plantation on the offshore islands of Principe, the rest of Europe joined in on the slave trade. |
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| The Portuguese were the first to set up, and they set up a sugar plantation. Soon the rest of Europe joined, and followed suit with the Portuguese. |
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| Problems of the data concerning slave numbers |
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| Refine is impossible. One is drive to make on the crudest approximations of the numbers involved and the impact they had. |
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| Soon after the Portuguese arrived there, Roman Catholic missionaries succeeded in converting the King of the Kongo. |
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| No individual has been more crucial to this transformation of psychologies purpose shifting from merely understand how the mind works to healing sick minds. |
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| insisted that laws of social behavior existed and were just as readily knowable as the laws of physical behavior. |
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| struggles of organized religions |
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| Both Catholic and Protestant believers found themselves portrayed by numerous opponents as inappropriate, even hateful relics from a forgotten medieval age who were against progress, rationalism, and modernism. |
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| Faction among mostly British evangelical Christians, which, beginning in the 1790s, was able to pressure Parliament with increasing effectiveness to ban slavery and the slave trade in Britain and throughout the British Empire. |
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| One prominent feature of social sciences. This is an appreciation of the variety of ways to solve a generic task based on cultures. |
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| One who attempts to help the patient first recognize, and then do something about, the distorted impressions of reality that produce social or individual disabilities. |
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| this is where are the bad memories are stored. When a memory that is supposed to be forgot is sent into the unconscious, it is called repression. |
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| Places where France exercised monopolistic control of trade in highly sought-after products such as palm oil. |
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| Europeans' exploration of Africa |
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| Simple curiosity aroused the desire in Europeans to explore the world's last unexplored regions. |
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| An Algerian who led the Islamic resistance to French invasion for many years. |
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| A charismatic leader of holy men who inhabited a complex of monastery-like lodges among the desert and mountain Berbers. |
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| A man whose jihad began in the 1790s and arose from a dispute between a Muslim holy man and the king of a Hausa city-state. |
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| The traditional caliphate which was continued by Usman dan Fodio's son, Muhammad Bello. |
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| He established the Zanzibar Caliph and large economic trade. He used the east coast for a commercial empire. He also understands that you really don’t control all of the factors entering commerce, so it is good to establish your own food supply through an integrated agriculture system. |
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| Plantation economics in East Africa |
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| Sayyid Sa'id encouraged the creation of a plantation economy in East Africa, so Arabs and Indian immigrants displaced the local Swahili in Zanzibar, and large numbers of slaves were employed in cultivating cloves. |
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| The opinions of Europe towards Africa changes when diamonds were discovered. Previously, Africa was thought of as cheap, but after the diamonds were found, this view changed. |
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