Term
| Mortality in Calving stage |
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Definition
| 10% rate, 1/2 due to calving difficulties |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of the calving process |
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Definition
| prep, delivery, and cleaning |
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Term
| What takes place in Prep Stage? How long does it take? |
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Definition
| 4-24 hours. The fetus rotates to correct position and the cervix dialates |
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Term
| What takes place in the delivery stage? How long does it take? |
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Definition
20-30 min for mature cow (1 hr for new).
Begins when fetus enters birth canal.
placenta remains intact and chord breaks.
Nursing and check for breathing. |
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Term
| What happens in Cleaning Stage? How long does it take? |
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Definition
| 8-12 hrs after birth. Placenta separates and is eaten |
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Term
| When should you assist in birthing? |
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Definition
| Dystocia- from calf position, calf weight, or small cow pelvic area. |
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Term
| What is the proper Fetal Position? What should you do if it's not correct? |
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Definition
Want 2 front legs and nose forward with the joints bending the same way. (Dew claws pointed down).
If it is incorrect, you can use chains to help pull the calf out. |
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Term
| What should you include in your calf records? |
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Definition
| Birth date, sex, dam number, birth weight, and calving ease score |
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Term
| What can you use to identify calf? |
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Definition
| ear tag, tattoo, or branding |
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Term
| What should take place in the 3-5 month phase of the calfs life? |
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Definition
| branding, castration, implants (not on bulls), and vaccinations |
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Term
| What should you know about calf nutrition? |
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Definition
| Milk production peaks at 60 days. Know when forage is declining, along with feed costs and labor costs, to decide if you want to supplement |
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Term
| What are 2 advantages to Creep Feeding calves? |
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Definition
Takes pressure off pasture
good for 1st calf heifers
helps weaning transition
improves carcass quality |
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Term
| What are 2 disadvantages to supplementing feed to calves? |
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Definition
discount at slaughter (to "fleshy"/fat)
poorer feedlot performance
potential depression in milk |
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Term
| What do you need for Embryo Transfer? How much does it cost to do? |
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Definition
Genetically superior donor cow, and a recipient cow.
Costs 400-500 per calf |
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Term
| When should you consider IVF? |
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Definition
gestating females 40-100 days bred
young females
cows not successful with ET |
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Term
| What is the cost for IVF? What is the downside? |
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Definition
Costs $250 +transfer and freezing fee
downside: pregnancy rate lowered 50% |
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Term
| What are 2 factors that make Sexed Semen not a very viable option? |
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Definition
Sorting is slow
sperm can be killed or damaged
conception rate is lowered
has lower sperm number |
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Term
| How accurate is Sexing Semen? |
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Definition
90% accurate for females
88% accurate for males |
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Term
| When should you use sexed semen? |
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Definition
when doing ET and IVF of elite cows
can breed top cows to female semen to produce replacement heifers. |
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Term
| What happens in nuclear transfering? Success rate? |
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Definition
imsert somatic cells into donor oocyte (nucleus removed) and use hormones to prompt embryo.
4% survival rate |
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Term
| What is the cost for clone calf? |
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Definition
| $20,000 for clone +$5000 for each additional |
|
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Term
What are the current cattlefax prices?
Slaughter steer:
Yearling Steer (750)
Util & Commerc
Corn:
Choice/Select Spread: |
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Definition
SS: 130.92
YS: 164.19
U&C: 79.74
Corn: 4.14
C/S: 14.04 |
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Term
| When is the typical weaning age? |
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Definition
bottled fed: 1 month
suckling: 2-8 months
Typically at 205 days |
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Term
| When should you brand and castrate calves? |
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Definition
| typically 30 days prior or after weaning, due to stress |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of vaccination schedules? Which is ideal? |
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Definition
1. Branding and weaning (2 times)
2. 3-4 weeks prior to weaning and at weaning
3. Prior to weaning give both slots
#3 is ideal, but increases stress due to handling twice |
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Term
| What is the benefit of weaning for the cow? |
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Definition
| instantly decreases stress-- increases BCS-- increases fertility |
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Term
| What are the early weaning ages? Which is the best? |
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Definition
*65 days*
115 days
175 days |
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Term
| What are 3 advantages of weaning early? |
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Definition
1. Lowers nutrient demand--increase BCS
2. Lower grazing pressure
3. increase marbling
4. Lowers carcass weight in Euro breeds
5. cull cows marketed before low |
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Term
| What are 3 disadvantages to weaning early? |
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Definition
1. need adequate facilities
2. special vaccinations and program
3. higher feed cost for calves
4. less efficient later on
5. lower wieght for british breeds |
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Term
| What are the 4 weaning strategies? Which is the best? |
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Definition
1. Abrupt weaning (worst)
2. Fence line seperation
3. trainer cow method
4. 2 step (1. weaning, 2. seperation)
*4 is best because it reduces bawling 85%, and increases eating 25% |
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Term
| On average how many heifers are kept? |
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Definition
| 10-50% are kept, average is 20-25% |
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Term
| What is the traditional way for selecting replacement heifers? |
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Definition
single trait selection.
biggest heifers are selected, but overly fat can mean poor fertility |
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Term
| What two factors should you look at when doing a 2 trait selection for RH? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are 3 genotype factors to look at in RH? |
|
Definition
BW EPD
Pedigree History
Records |
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Term
| What are phenotypic factors to look at in RH? |
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Definition
reprotract scores
frame size
structure
udder soundness
docility
rib shape |
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Term
| what is a desired weaning weight? What is the goal? |
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Definition
450-800 lbs
want to reach 65% of mature weight at breeding |
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Term
| What influences Age at Puberty? |
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Definition
scrotal circumference
exposure to "gomer"
ionophores
MGA or CIDR
rate of gain |
|
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Term
| what is the ideal age for puberty and age for calving? |
|
Definition
puberty: 12-14 months
calve at 22-24 months
British breeds are early for puberty
Euro breeds are later |
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Term
| What are the 2 stages for development? |
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Definition
1. weaning to breeding
2. gestation to rebreeding |
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Term
| What should you calculate for the weaning to breeding stage? |
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Definition
Determine breeding date
calculate rate of gain (want 1.5 lb/day) |
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Term
| What type of nutrition program should you use for heifer development? |
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Definition
want growth gain not fat gain. So use forage based rations with supplemented grazing.
higher rates of gain=less time to puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| When heifers reach 85% of mature weight |
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Term
| When does most fetal growth occur? |
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Definition
| last 60 days of development |
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Term
| What should you change in your nutrition plan before rebreeding heifers? |
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Definition
| Increase nutrient requirement for lactation and growth. Want to get heifer BCS back up. |
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Term
| Where are most of the cattle concentrated in the US? Why? |
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Definition
| Midwest because that is where most of the corn is produced |
|
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Term
| what are the top 5 cattle feeding states? What percent of cattle to they hold? |
|
Definition
Iowa
Kansas
Nebraska
Colorado
Texas
Hold 74% of the total cattle |
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Term
| What is the goal of the feedlot? |
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Definition
complete the growing process
promote muscle growth
develop adequate fat |
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Term
| What are the statistics on newly received cattle performance in the feedlot? |
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Definition
do 90-180 days on feed
gain 3-4 lbs/day
consume 11-22 lbs DMI
6:1 Feed:Gain efficiency |
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Term
| What are typical feedlot rations? |
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Definition
90% concentrate, 10% roughage
or 60% concentrate, 40% roughage |
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Term
| What products are used for roughage? |
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Definition
| Hay, corn silage, haylage |
|
|
Term
| what products are used for concentrate? |
|
Definition
corn
milo
barley
DDGS or WDGS
WCGF
1-2 lbs of protein, vit, minerals, other |
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Term
| How does Corn compare to distillers grain? |
|
Definition
Corn has 9% CP
DG has 30% CP with 3x fat and fiber |
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Term
| How are feed rations broken down? |
|
Definition
.64-.72 meal/lb energy
11-12% CP
low cost
*develop balanced diet with lowest cost* |
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Term
| What are the 2 objectives for feed? |
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Definition
1. low cost diet
2. maximize cattle growth/performance |
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Term
| How are steers in the feedlot? |
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Definition
they are quieter in feedlot, which decreases management costs
also worth more $/cwt |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of having heifers in the feedlot? |
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Definition
Pro: more fat (YG)
Con: poor in ADG, FC, and hard to handle when in heat |
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Term
| Why is having heifers in heat bad for feedlot performance? |
|
Definition
eat less, waste energy, lower performance
have potential to get pregnant |
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Term
| How often are heifers in heat? How can you control it? |
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Definition
| every 21 days. can use MGA (progesterone additive). |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of having bulls in the feedlot? |
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Definition
good FC and ADG
bad behavior, higher dark cutters, and can get too large of carcasses |
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Term
| What is the solution to having bulls in the feedlot? |
|
Definition
put in smaller groups, treat with growth promoter early to supress testicular.
feed higher energy ration to finish faster. |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 different management tools? |
|
Definition
| Implants, Ionophores, Antibiotics, and Beta Agonists |
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|
Term
| Why are implants good for cattle? |
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Definition
| increase ADG,FE, and get an estimated return of 15-40 dollars |
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Term
| How long should cattle be on implants? What % of cattle are implanted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pro and con of giving estrogenic implants? |
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Definition
It increase efficiency
BUT lowers marbling and tenderness. Also increase dark cutters |
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Term
| What are ionophores used for? |
|
Definition
selects more efficient rumen bacteria.
increase ADG and FE |
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Term
| How are antibiotics useful? |
|
Definition
7% increase in FE and gain
lowers mortality and morbidity by preventing diseases |
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|
Term
| How do beta agonists work? |
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Definition
| stimulates beta receptors on cell to durect more nutrients into protein synthesis and slow protein degradation |
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|
Term
| Why are beta agonists benificial? |
|
Definition
| have short withdrawl time and increase dressing %, HCW and REA |
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|
Term
| know how to draw 3 growth curves |
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Definition
Tissue growth relative to live weight.
Days on feed v. Performance
Feed Efficiency v DOF |
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