Term
compare the southern zone to the northern zone in production |
|
Definition
southern
-predominant winter rainfall
-moderate but variable ambient temperatures and variable humidity
-high quality pastures
-no cattle ticks
nothern
-predominant summer rainfall
-high ambient temperatures and humidity
-moderate to low pastures
-water availabilty a problem
-cattle tick prevalent |
|
|
Term
nearly all premium cattle destined for supermarket chains are in lot feed _________ prior to slaughter
cheaper outlets will:
fast-food outlets use: |
|
Definition
Nearly all premium cattle (270-360kg) destined for the key supermarket chains in Australia are lot fed for 70 days prior to slaughter.
– Cheaper outlets will market grass-fed product.
– Fast-food outlets use both.
|
|
|
Term
What are some characterstics of the japanese B1 market for exporting beef? |
|
Definition
-steers 380-500kg short fed 100 days in feedlot
-good meat color, fat color and cooking odor |
|
|
Term
What are some of the characterstics of the Japanese B2 and B3 markets for exporting beef? |
|
Definition
-steers 380-500kg mid-fed for 180-250 days or long fed for >250 days requiring higher min marble scores of 2 and 3.
high quality for both home and restaurant consumption |
|
|
Term
other than japan what are the other two main countries for exporting aussie beef (not live!)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do live exports for aussie beef typically go? (and where australia from?) |
|
Definition
indonesia and south east asia from nothern australia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image][image]computer aided livestock marketing
-full specification online for buyers while animals reamin in paddock
national and international competition for product |
|
|
Term
Name 3 selling options for cattle other than CALM
|
|
Definition
1. regular auction
2. over the hoooks -selling directly to processor and being paid for the product as a carcass
3. private treaty |
|
|
Term
Name some types of private treaty and what are benefits of the producer. |
|
Definition
-on-farm sales
-over the hook sales
-stuf sales
-direct to feedlot
-forward contracts
benefits for producer
-on-property, farm-gate price
-reduced risk
|
|
|
Term
what is a disadvantage to using a regular auction for selling cattle? |
|
Definition
subject to the whims and availability of buyers and transporting cattle |
|
|
Term
what are some examples of bos taurus? (british) |
|
Definition
British bos taurus
angus
hereford
shorthorn
galloway
devon |
|
|
Term
what are some of the examples of bos taurus? (european)
|
|
Definition
-limousin, charolais, simmental, maine anjou, chianina, belgian blue, blonde aquitaine |
|
|
Term
how do british and european breeds of bos taurus differ? |
|
Definition
european are generally larger, leaner, and later maturing
tend to lay down fat in both subq and im depots only at heaviest body weights (--> produce high muscle yeilding carcasses, but have to grown out to heavier liveweights before being sold) |
|
|
Term
Name some characterstics of bos taurus (british) |
|
Definition
In general British breeds are earlier maturing animals that tend to lay down fat in both the subcutaneous and intramuscular depots at lower body weights than the other major genotypes. – A deep body and chest – Thick legs set well apart – A lower line straight – A protruding brisket – Hips and loins which are well covered to the tail – Square convex hind-quarters – Thighs extending to the hock – Small udder |
|
|
Term
name some breeds of bos indicus |
|
Definition
brahma (key breed in aus), africander, sahiwal, sindi, boran and tuli |
|
|
Term
What are some characterstics of bos indicus and what type of envirnoment are they best suited for? |
|
Definition
Display characteristics important for their adaptation to tropical environments: – a larger loose skin area including larger ears – larger/more numerous sweat glands to maximise evaporative cooling – pigmented skin – shorter shiny reflective hair coat – longer legs – recessed eyes – natural immunity to cattle tick and other tropical parasites |
|
|
Term
How do attributes of bos indicus allow the animal to be suited for a tropical env? |
|
Definition
walk long distances to find feed and water – survive when water is limiting by minimising loss through sweating, urination and lactation. (Brahman milk is concentrated). – utilise poor quality roughages – resist disease and parasites |
|
|
Term
Compare a bos indicus to a bos taurus
(in terms of carcass) |
|
Definition
Generally produce large lean carcasses with very little marbling or intramuscular fat – very similar to the European types. There is some experimental evidence to suggest that meat from these cattle is in general slightly tougher. This is related to lower levels of proteolytic enzymes that break down protein interactions in muscle post-slaughter. Treatment of carcasses in the abattoirs can however overcome this problem. |
|
|
Term
Describe cross breeding in the cattle industry |
|
Definition
A common practice is to cross Bos Taurus breeds with Bos Indicus cattle. why? to combine adaptational characteristics (e.g. tropical adapted Bos Indicus with the earlier maturing British breeds. takes advantage of heterosis or hybrid vigour Similarly the larger leaner European cattle are crossed with British breeds to combine the carcass characteristics of each genotype (hybrid vigour not as apparent in this cross as they are not as evolutionarily divergent as indicus vs taurus)
|
|
|
Term
Describe heterosis or hybrid vigour |
|
Definition
This is the name given to the increased vigour of the offspring over that of the parents when unrelated individuals mated. Since Bos indicus and Bos taurus are evolutionarily divergent this response is significant in a production sense. It is not as apparent in crosses between British and European breeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An Australian based genetic evaluation system used by beef cattle breeders |
|
|
Term
What is an EBV?
and what would a 600day weight EBV +41kg mean? |
|
Definition
Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) are produced for a variety of different desirable traits to assist in breeding selection
EBVs are expressed as the difference between an individual animal’s genetics and the genetic base to which the animal is compared.
the animal is 41 kg genetically heavier at 600 days compared with the genetic base of the relevant cattle population. |
|
|
Term
What are the two main factors associated with cattle appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name 4 things that happen as cattle fatten: |
|
Definition
1.ribs become less visible; 2. tailhead softens, with mounds of fat increasing beside the tail;
3. muscle seams of hindquarters
become covered with fat and are less evident when cattle walk; 4. brisket, flank, cod and twist all fill out, giving cattle a square appearance compared with the roundness of leaner, heavily muscled cattle. |
|
|
Term
what are 4 good points for manual fat assessment?
and why? |
|
Definition
1. tailhead
2. short ribs
3. ribs
4. behind shoulder
b/c fat is readily differentiated from muscle at these points |
|
|
Term
Describe an animal with a BCS of 1 |
|
Definition
animal is emaciated
ribs and short ribs are sharp
no fat around tailhead
hip bones, tailhead and ribs are prominent |
|
|
Term
Describe an animal with a BCS of 2 |
|
Definition
no fat beside tailhead
short ribs and long ribs easily distinguished
spines feel rounded rather than sharp
hip bone and ribs are hard
ribs not longer visually obvious |
|
|
Term
describe an animal with a BCS of 3 |
|
Definition
short ribs prominent, rounded but still easily felt
ribs are easily felt using pressure to distinguish btwn them
fat that is easily felt covers either side of the tailhead
*ideal* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cant feel short ribs
-fat cover around hip bone
-small mounds of fat around tailhead
-ribs hard to feel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can't feel short ribs
-tailhead and hip bones buried in fat
-ribs appear wavy due to fat folds
-fat in brisket & udder, and sqauring off in flank area
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cant see short ribs
-tailhead and hips buried by large rounds of fat
-ribs are wavy due to fat folds
-brisket and udder heavy
-flank squared off and has blocky appearance
-animal can only walk and redcued mobility
*too fat* |
|
|
Term
where is it easiest to determine muscle scoring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
describe the difference of stance of a heavy to light muscling
describe the difference in the visualization of the stomach from the hindquarters too |
|
Definition
heavy muscling
-wide stance
-stomach no longer visible
light muscle
-narrow stance
-stomach is visible |
|
|
Term
when do northern and southern cattle herds calve? |
|
Definition
NA- calve anytime, but peak in dry season
SA- calve fall or spring to best utilize available pastures
|
|
|
Term
Describe joining techniques and what part of aus uses this management pratice |
|
Definition
SA uses more breeding management
-may be paddock joined natural/synchronized
-may be synchronized and AI
--> CIDR (progesterone) 7 days, PGF (prostaglandin) on removal, estrus 2-3 days later |
|
|
Term
what is NLIS and why is it used? |
|
Definition
National Livestock Identification System – identifying and tracking – from birth to slaughter
Why? – to enable tracing of animals history and to enhance Australia's ability to access markets Electronic versions available (plus rumen pellets)
|
|
|
Term
compare early/late weaning |
|
Definition
early weaning +cows have more time to recover before next calf
-calf suffers
earliest 6 weeks
late weaning +optimal growth in calves
-cow suffers
8 months better |
|
|
Term
If you aer working with a farmer with poor prodcution what are some programs you can suggest? |
|
Definition
-MLA's more beef from pasture program for SA
-pasture utilization module |
|
|
Term
What is the Kinery report? |
|
Definition
-conducted at the request of the government
-they examined the adequacy of welfare and self-regulatory arrangements, types of livestock suitable for live export adn factors that contributed to the excess mortalities on the MV Cormo Express
-improved transport and processing and butchering/meat hygiene in destination countries |
|
|
Term
after the keinry report, what 5 requirements are on a ship to the middle east? |
|
Definition
1. vet and stockmean on board to care for every animal
2. each animal has food and water on demand
3. each animal can lie down to rest
4. the air on board changed 2x as much as commercial airliner
5. special pens for sick animals to get special care |
|
|
Term
what are 10 major considerations for sighting a feedlot? |
|
Definition
1. aspect
-facing N for maximum drying and minimum wind
2. soils
-impermeable clay layer to prevent effleunt (wastes) getting into water table
3. slope
-gradient of 3-4% to allow runoff
4. drainage
-effective collection, treatment and use of effluent
5. neighbors
-avoidance of populated areas due to odor
6. residues
-avoid the use of sights where yards and dips were located previously
7. stocking density (min 9m2 per head)
8. feed troughs
-run N to S to max drying from sun
9. water troughs
-any overflow is outside yad
10. shelter
-from wind and sun |
|
|
Term
Name a few common feed-related illnesses common to feedlots |
|
Definition
– Grain poisoning / acidosis – Ergot poisoning – Feedlot bloat – Founder – Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) – Ionophore poisoning – Urinary calculi (urolithiasis) — bladder stones – Vitamin A deficiency – Vitamin E deficiency – Diarrhoea |
|
|
Term
what are some chemical residue diseases common to feedlots? |
|
Definition
Organochlorines and organophosphates |
|
|
Term
What are some diseases not related to feed that is common on feedlots? |
|
Definition
– Bovine respiratory disease – Foot abscess or footrot – Bullers – Pinkeye (infectious keratoconjunctivitis) – Heat stress |
|
|
Term
What are the causes of acidosis and what are the implications on cattle? |
|
Definition
-changing the feed suddently to high level of grain change the flora of the rumen which change the pH (recall ketone bodies from cell bio 1)
-dehydration, metabolic acidosis, rumenitis, laminitis, liver abcess |
|
|
Term
what is responsible for 64% of all morbidity and mortality on feedlots?
what are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
-not eating/drinking, nasal discharge, fever, depression, coughing, labored breathing |
|
|
Term
What is BRD usually a result of? |
|
Definition
stress
-from weaning, restraint, social reorganization, transport, nurtional changes |
|
|
Term
what are some common viral agents implicated in BRD? |
|
Definition
– infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, – bovine viral diarrhea virus, – bovine respiratory syncytial virus, – parainfluenza type 3. |
|
|
Term
what are some bacterial strains associated with BRD? |
|
Definition
– Mannheimia hemolytica, – Pasteurella multocida, – Hemophilus somnus, – mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
What are the treatments for BRD? |
|
Definition
-antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
-vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and pestivirus -major outbreaks may require in antibiotics in feed -isolation/separation where possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-‘the term given to an animal which is repeatedly ridden or mounted by others in the group. -may be related to the establishment of a ‘peck order’ -appears to be increased by the use of growth promotants. -removal is necessary |
|
|
Term
When cattle are housed on hard surfaces or in wet boggy conditions, what is a major concern? |
|
Definition
lameness
-usually affects more than one foot
-abscesses may require drainage and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
what are some of the disease syndromes of pestivirus? |
|
Definition
bovine viral diarrhea virus- rare in aus, fever/diarrhea/cough
fetal infection and loss
mucosal disease- diarrhea, resp. disease
ulcers in persistantly infected (PI) calves-may die or become poor/waste
|
|
|
Term
infection of pestivirus in the first month of gestation will cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
infection of pestivirus in 1st-6th month will cause what? |
|
Definition
foetus may be aborted, born deformed or born clinically normal but persistently infected (PI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunity in heifers before breeding will prevent foetal loss – natural immunity, from mixing young heifers with PI (persistantly infected) cows – vaccination available – question over number of serovars and protection from vaccine |
|
|
Term
what are some clostridial diseases of cattle?
how do we control? |
|
Definition
– blackleg (Cl. chauvoei) – tetanus (Cl. tetani) – enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfrigens) – black disease (Cl. novyi) – malignant oedema (Cl. septicum)
easily controlled with a good vaccination program
|
|
|
Term
A: What are some causes of pink eye?
B: How do we treat?
C: how do we control? |
|
Definition
A: keratoconjunctivitis caused by Moraxella bovis
irritation of eye by dust, sunlight and flies
B:requires antibiotic treatment
C: vaccine available
|
|
|
Term
What are 4 parasitic diseases of cattle? |
|
Definition
1. lice
2. buffalo fly (northern parts of Australia)
3. ticks, (cattle ticks transmit babesiosis, a blood parasite of cattle, reportable in NSW)
4. internal parasites |
|
|