Shared Flashcard Set

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Beef Cattle
Sydney Uni 1st year
62
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
11/01/2010

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
compare the southern zone to the northern zone in production
Definition

southern

-predominant winter rainfall

-moderate but variable ambient temperatures and variable humidity

-high quality pastures

-no cattle ticks

nothern

-predominant summer rainfall

-high ambient temperatures and humidity

-moderate to low pastures

-water availabilty a problem

-cattle tick prevalent

Term

nearly all premium cattle destined for supermarket chains are in lot feed _________ prior to slaughter

 

cheaper outlets will:

 

fast-food outlets use:

Definition

Nearly all premium cattle (270-360kg) destined
for the key supermarket chains in Australia are
lot fed for 70 days prior to slaughter.


– Cheaper outlets will market grass-fed product.


– Fast-food outlets use both.

Term
What are some characterstics of the japanese B1 market for exporting beef?
Definition

-steers 380-500kg short fed 100 days in feedlot

 

-good meat color, fat color and cooking odor

Term
What are some of the characterstics of the Japanese B2 and B3 markets for exporting beef?
Definition

-steers 380-500kg mid-fed for 180-250 days or long fed for >250 days requiring higher min marble scores of 2 and 3.

 

high quality for both home and restaurant consumption

Term
other than japan what are the other two main countries for exporting aussie beef (not live!)?
Definition
USA and korea
Term
Where do live exports for aussie beef typically go? (and where australia from?)
Definition
indonesia and south east asia from nothern australia
Term
What is CALM used for?
Definition

[image][image]computer aided livestock marketing

-full specification online for buyers while animals reamin in paddock

national and international competition for product

Term

Name 3 selling options for cattle other than CALM

 

Definition

1. regular auction

2. over the hoooks -selling directly to processor and being paid for the product as a carcass

3. private treaty

Term
Name some types of private treaty and what are benefits of the producer.
Definition

-on-farm sales

-over the hook sales

-stuf sales

-direct to feedlot

-forward contracts

 

benefits for producer

-on-property, farm-gate price

-reduced risk

 

Term
what is a disadvantage to using a regular auction for selling cattle?
Definition
subject to the whims and availability of buyers and transporting cattle
Term
what are some examples of bos taurus? (british)
Definition

British bos taurus

angus

hereford

shorthorn

galloway

devon

Term

what are some of the examples of bos taurus? (european)

 

Definition
-limousin, charolais, simmental, maine anjou, chianina, belgian blue, blonde aquitaine
Term
how do british and european breeds of bos taurus differ?
Definition

european are generally larger, leaner, and later maturing

 

tend to lay down fat in both subq and im depots only at heaviest body weights  (--> produce high muscle yeilding carcasses, but have to grown out to heavier liveweights before being sold)

Term
Name some characterstics of bos taurus (british)
Definition
In general British breeds are earlier
maturing animals that tend to lay down fat
in both the subcutaneous and intramuscular
depots at lower body weights than the
other major genotypes.
– A deep body and chest
– Thick legs set well apart
– A lower line straight
– A protruding brisket
– Hips and loins which are well covered to the tail
– Square convex hind-quarters
– Thighs extending to the hock
– Small udder
Term
name some breeds of bos indicus
Definition
brahma (key breed in aus), africander, sahiwal, sindi, boran and tuli
Term
What are some characterstics of bos indicus and what type of envirnoment are they best suited for?
Definition
Display characteristics important for their
adaptation to tropical environments:
– a larger loose skin area including larger ears
– larger/more numerous sweat glands to
maximise evaporative cooling
– pigmented skin
– shorter shiny reflective hair coat
– longer legs
– recessed eyes
– natural immunity to cattle tick and other
tropical parasites
Term
How do attributes of bos indicus allow the animal to be suited for a tropical env?
Definition
walk long distances to find feed and water
– survive when water is limiting by minimising loss
through sweating, urination and lactation.
(Brahman milk is concentrated).
– utilise poor quality roughages
– resist disease and parasites
Term

Compare a bos indicus to a bos taurus

(in terms of carcass)

Definition
Generally produce large lean carcasses with
very little marbling or intramuscular fat
– very similar to the European types.
 There is some experimental evidence to
suggest that meat from these cattle is in
general slightly tougher.
 This is related to lower levels of proteolytic
enzymes that break down protein
interactions in muscle post-slaughter.
 Treatment of carcasses in the abattoirs can
however overcome this problem.
Term
Describe cross breeding in the cattle industry
Definition

A common practice is to cross Bos Taurus breeds with Bos Indicus cattle.
why? to combine adaptational characteristics (e.g. tropical adapted Bos Indicus with the earlier maturing British breeds. takes advantage of heterosis or hybrid vigour
Similarly the larger leaner European cattle
are crossed with British breeds to combine
the carcass characteristics of each genotype (hybrid vigour not as apparent in this cross as they are not as evolutionarily divergent as indicus vs taurus)

 

Term
Describe heterosis or hybrid vigour
Definition
This is the name given to the
increased vigour of the offspring over that
of the parents when unrelated individuals
mated.
 Since Bos indicus and Bos taurus are
evolutionarily divergent this response is
significant in a production sense.
 It is not as apparent in crosses between
British and European breeds.
Term
what is breedplan?
Definition
An Australian based genetic
evaluation system used by beef cattle
breeders
Term

What is an EBV?

 

and what would a 600day weight EBV +41kg mean?

Definition

Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) are
produced for a variety of different desirable
traits to assist in breeding selection

EBVs are expressed as the difference between an
individual animal’s genetics and the genetic base to
which the animal is compared.

 

 the animal is 41 kg genetically heavier at 600
days compared with the genetic base of the relevant
cattle population.

Term
What are the two main factors associated with cattle appearance?
Definition
muscle and fat
Term
Name 4 things that happen as cattle fatten:
Definition

1.ribs become less visible;
2. tailhead softens, with mounds of fat
increasing beside the tail;

3. muscle seams of hindquarters

become covered with fat and are less
evident when cattle walk;
4. brisket, flank, cod and twist all fill
out, giving cattle a square appearance
compared with the roundness of leaner,
heavily muscled cattle.

Term

what are 4 good points for manual fat assessment?

and why?

Definition

1. tailhead

2. short ribs

3. ribs

4. behind shoulder

 

b/c fat is readily differentiated from muscle at these points

Term
Describe an animal with a BCS of 1
Definition

animal is emaciated

ribs and short ribs are sharp

no fat around tailhead

hip bones, tailhead and ribs are prominent

Term
Describe an animal with a BCS of 2
Definition

no fat beside tailhead

short ribs and long ribs easily distinguished

spines feel rounded rather than sharp

hip bone and ribs are hard

ribs not longer visually obvious

Term
describe an animal with a BCS of 3
Definition

short ribs prominent, rounded but still easily felt

ribs are easily felt using pressure to distinguish btwn them

fat that is easily felt covers either side of the tailhead

 

*ideal*

Term
Describe a BCS of 4
Definition

-cant feel short ribs

-fat cover around hip bone

-small mounds of fat around tailhead

-ribs hard to feel

Term
Describe BCS of 5
Definition

-can't feel short ribs

-tailhead and hip bones buried in fat

-ribs appear wavy due to fat folds

-fat in brisket & udder, and sqauring off in flank area

 

Term
Describe BCS of 6
Definition

-cant see short ribs

-tailhead and hips buried by large rounds of fat

-ribs are wavy due to fat folds

-brisket and udder heavy

-flank squared off and has blocky appearance

-animal can only walk and redcued mobility

 

*too fat*

Term
where is it easiest to determine muscle scoring
Definition
hindquarters
Term

describe the difference of stance of a heavy to light muscling

 

describe the difference in the visualization of the stomach from the hindquarters too

Definition

heavy muscling

-wide stance

-stomach no longer visible

light muscle

-narrow stance

-stomach is visible

Term
when do northern and southern cattle herds calve?
Definition

NA- calve anytime, but peak in dry season

 

SA- calve fall or spring to best utilize available pastures

 

Term
Describe joining techniques and what part of aus uses this management pratice
Definition

SA uses more breeding management

-may be paddock joined natural/synchronized

-may be synchronized and AI

--> CIDR (progesterone) 7 days, PGF (prostaglandin) on removal, estrus 2-3 days later

Term
what is NLIS and why is it used?
Definition

 National Livestock Identification System
– identifying and tracking
– from birth to slaughter


Why?
– to enable tracing of animals history and to
enhance Australia's ability to access markets
Electronic versions available (plus rumen pellets)

Term
compare early/late weaning
Definition

early weaning +cows have more time to recover before next calf

-calf suffers

earliest 6 weeks

 

late weaning +optimal growth in calves

-cow suffers

8 months better

Term
If you aer working with a farmer with poor prodcution what are some programs you can suggest?
Definition

-MLA's more beef from pasture program for SA

 

-pasture utilization module

Term
What is the Kinery report?
Definition

-conducted at the request of the government

 

-they examined the adequacy of welfare and self-regulatory arrangements, types of livestock suitable for live export adn factors that contributed to the excess mortalities on the MV Cormo Express

 

-improved transport and processing and butchering/meat hygiene in destination countries

Term
after the keinry report, what 5 requirements are on a ship to the middle east?
Definition

1. vet and stockmean on board to care for every animal

2. each animal has food and water on demand

3. each animal can lie down to rest

4. the air on board changed 2x as much as commercial airliner

5. special pens for sick animals to get special care

Term
what are 10 major considerations for sighting a feedlot?
Definition

1. aspect

-facing N for maximum drying and minimum wind

2. soils

-impermeable clay layer to prevent effleunt (wastes) getting into water table

3. slope

-gradient of 3-4% to allow runoff

4. drainage

-effective collection, treatment and use of effluent

5. neighbors

-avoidance of populated areas due to odor

6. residues

-avoid the use of sights where yards and dips were located previously

7. stocking density (min 9m2 per head)

8. feed troughs

-run N to S to max drying from sun

9. water troughs

-any overflow is outside yad

10. shelter

-from wind and sun

Term
Name a few common feed-related illnesses common to feedlots
Definition
– Grain poisoning / acidosis
– Ergot poisoning
– Feedlot bloat
– Founder
– Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
– Ionophore poisoning
– Urinary calculi (urolithiasis) — bladder
stones
– Vitamin A deficiency
– Vitamin E deficiency
– Diarrhoea
Term
what are some chemical residue diseases common to feedlots?
Definition
Organochlorines and organophosphates
Term
What are some diseases not related to feed that is common on feedlots?
Definition
– Bovine respiratory disease
– Foot abscess or footrot
– Bullers
– Pinkeye (infectious keratoconjunctivitis)
– Heat stress
Term
What are the causes of acidosis and what are the implications on cattle?
Definition

-changing the feed suddently to high level of grain change the flora of the rumen which change the pH (recall ketone bodies from cell bio 1)

 

-dehydration, metabolic acidosis, rumenitis, laminitis, liver abcess

Term

what is responsible for 64% of all morbidity and mortality on feedlots?

 

what are the symptoms?

Definition

bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

 

-not eating/drinking, nasal discharge, fever, depression, coughing, labored breathing

Term
What is BRD usually a result of?
Definition

stress

-from weaning, restraint, social reorganization, transport, nurtional changes

Term
what are some common viral agents implicated in BRD?
Definition
– infectious bovine rhinotracheitis,
– bovine viral diarrhea virus,
– bovine respiratory syncytial virus,
– parainfluenza type 3.
Term
what are some bacterial strains associated with BRD?
Definition
– Mannheimia hemolytica,
– Pasteurella multocida,
– Hemophilus somnus,
– mycoplasma
Term
What are the treatments for BRD?
Definition


-antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

-vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
and pestivirus
-major outbreaks may require in antibiotics
in feed
-isolation/separation where possible

Term
what are bullers?
Definition
-‘the term given to an animal which is
repeatedly ridden or mounted by others in the
group.
-may be related to the establishment of a ‘peck
order’
-appears to be increased by the use of growth
promotants.
-removal is necessary
Term
When cattle are housed on hard surfaces or in wet boggy conditions, what is a major concern?
Definition

lameness

-usually affects more than one foot

-abscesses may require drainage and antibiotics

Term
what are some of the disease syndromes of pestivirus?
Definition

bovine viral diarrhea virus- rare in aus, fever/diarrhea/cough

 

fetal infection and loss

 

mucosal disease- diarrhea, resp. disease

 

ulcers in persistantly infected (PI) calves-may die or become poor/waste

 

Term
infection of pestivirus in the first month of gestation will cause what?
Definition
lost fetus
Term
infection of pestivirus in 1st-6th month will cause what?
Definition
foetus may be aborted,
born deformed or born clinically normal but persistently
infected (PI)
Term
How do we control BVD?
Definition
immunity in heifers before breeding will
prevent foetal loss
– natural immunity, from mixing young heifers
with PI (persistantly infected) cows
– vaccination available – question over number
of serovars and protection from vaccine
Term

what are some clostridial diseases of cattle?

 

how do we control?

Definition

– blackleg (Cl. chauvoei)
– tetanus (Cl. tetani)
– enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfrigens)
– black disease (Cl. novyi)
– malignant oedema (Cl. septicum)


easily controlled with a good vaccination
program

Term

A: What are some causes of pink eye?

 

B: How do we treat?

 

C: how do we control?

Definition

A: keratoconjunctivitis caused by Moraxella
bovis

 irritation of eye by dust, sunlight and flies


B:requires antibiotic treatment


C: vaccine available

Term
What are 4 parasitic diseases of cattle?
Definition
1. lice

2. buffalo fly (northern parts of Australia)

3.  ticks, (cattle ticks transmit babesiosis, a
blood parasite of cattle, reportable in NSW)

4. internal parasites
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