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BEDALES Religious Ethics General
AS Religious Ethics
64
Religious Studies
12th Grade
04/24/2010

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Term
Moral Relativism
Definition
The view that there are no absolute moral values
Term
Subjectivism
Definition
The view that each individual's moral values are no better or worse than anyone else's - each is "true to them"
Term
Moral Absolutism
Definition
The view that there are absolute moral values, or "moral facts"
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
The view that values are only true within a society, and are just a reflection of the society's views. There is no fact of the matter, one way or another
Term
Deontological Ethics
Definition
Ethics based on actions - duty rather than consequences
Term
Teleological Ethics
Definition
Ethics based on choosing the best outcomes; consequences of actions
Term
Natural Moral Law
Definition
The view that the world has a natural ethical framework to it, and that we behave ethically when we adhere to our natural purposes as human beings.
Term
How does Aristotle's final cause relate to Aquinas and Natural Moral Law?
Definition
Natural Moral Law involves adhering to our natural purpose - our final cause. Aristotle and Aquinas agree that we have a natural purpose
Term
First Primary Precept
Definition
To Preserve Life
Term
Second Primary Precept
Definition
To reproduce
Term
Third Primary Precept
Definition
The nurture and education of the young
Term
Fourth Primary Precept
Definition
To live peacefully in society
Term
Fifth Primary Precept
Definition
To Worship God
Term
A secondary precept
Definition
a moral imperative that one infers from one of the primary precepts
Term
Sanctity of Life
Definition
The belief the life is sacred
Term
Jeremy Bentham
Definition
the most famous Act Utilitarian
Term
John Stewart Mill
Definition
The most famous Rule Utilitarian
Term
Peter Singer
Definition
The most famous Preference Utilitarian
Term
Act Utilitarianism
Definition
a utilitarian view based on maximising the quantity of pleasure and minimisation of pain
Term
Rule Utilitarianism
Definition
a utilitarian view that supports the maximisation of the greatest quality of happiness, through to implementation of moral rules
Term
Preference Utilitarianism
Definition
a utilitarian view based on taking the preferences of individuals into account
Term
John Rawls
Definition
Criticises utilitarianism on the basis that it can't work because our rationality is bounded, not perfect
Term
Greatest Happiness Principle
Definition
JS Mill's guiding principle, focused on the quality of the pleasure.
Term
Hedonic Calculus
Definition
A method of measuring the amount of pleasure or pain caused by an action
Term
Categorical Imperative
Definition
something that must, according to Kant, be done out of a sense of duty.
Term
Hypothetical Imperative
Definition
Something that one must do if one wants a certain result to come about
Term
First formulation of the Categorical Imperative
Definition
"one must act in such a way that one could will it that one's action became a universal maxim"
Term
Second formulation of the Categorical Imperative
Definition
Treat people as an end in themselves, and not as a means to an end
Term
Third formulation of the Categorical Imperative
Definition
Act as though you are a legislator in the kingdom of ends
Term
Good Will
Definition
Kant's term for rationality and altruism combined - you can only act truly ethically with this
Term
Altruism
Definition
Selfless good deeds
Term
Agape
Definition
selfless love
Term
Situation Ethics
Definition
Christian ethics built around the principle of doing the most loving thing
Term
Joseph Fletcher
Definition
Came up with Situation Ethics
Term
The Golden Rule
Definition
Love thy neighbour as thyself - preached by Jesus
Term
The Ten Commandments
Definition
Moral rules that appear in Exodus 20
Term
Quality of Life
Definition
the principle that it's what your life is like that gives it value, not life in and of itself.
Term
Embryo
Definition
An early-stage foetus
Term
Personhood
Definition
The term for the quality of being a person
Term
Voluntary Euthanasia
Definition
when someone chooses to die
Term
Involuntary Euthanasia
Definition
a mercy killing when the patient is unable to give consent
Term
Germline cloning
Definition
an alteration made to the genes of sperm or eggs to result in a beneficial quality in offspring
Term
Active Euthanasia
Definition
When an action is taken that kills the patient
Term
Passive Euthanasia
Definition
When treatment is withdrawn or essentials for life are taken away, resulting in the death of the patient
Term
The Doctrine of Double Effect
Definition
The Natural Moral Law principle that states that it is possible to do a bad thing with a good intention
Term
Slippery Slope
Definition
The argument that once one thing is allowed, it will inevitably lead to something that is clearly unacceptable.
Term
IVF
Definition
the process of fertilising eggs "in vitro", creating embryos to be implanted into the womb at a later point
Term
Therapeutic Cloning
Definition
Cloning used for medical purposes
Term
Genetically Modified Crops
Definition
Crops that have been altered to have better genetic qualities, such as the yield, the resiliance to pests etc
Term
Selective Breeding
Definition
choosing an embryo for particular genetic traits, and discarding embryos that do not have these traits
Term
Just War Theory
Definition
A Christian school of thought that claims that war can be justified
Term
Jus ad Bellum
Definition
Justice in going to war
Term
Jus in Bello
Definition
Justice during wartime
Term
Jus post Bellum
Definition
Justice in the time following war
Term
Conscientious Objectors
Definition
Those who refuse to fight in wars on moral grounds
Term
Pacifism
Definition
The belief that war is not morally justifiable
Term
Contingent Pacifism
Definition
The belief that war is not unjust per se, but that it is, as a matter of fact, unjustified because of how it is done
Term
Absolute Pacifism
Definition
The belief that war is always wrong
Term
Preferential Pacifism
Definition
People who have a preference for peace, but will go to war in extreme circumstances to prevent injustice
Term
Realism
Definition
The idea that justice doesn't come into war - wars are an inevitable consequence of there being different countries with different interests
Term
Casuistry
Definition
The process of reasoning by which mankind is able to derive secondary precepts from primary precepts.
Term
On Liberty
Definition
JS Mill's book on freedom and ethics
Term
Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals
Definition
Kant's book where he sets out the categorical imperative
Term
Divine Command Theory
Definition
The view that what makes something good is God's commanding it.
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