Term
cartilage functions to reduce ______. |
|
Definition
friction (joint surfaces) |
|
|
Term
Cartilage provides a template for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cartilage provides an attachment for _____ to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three types of cartilage: ______ |
|
Definition
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage cushions _____ surfaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage provides structure for the _____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage forms a template from which _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage Cells produce a _____ that has no apparent structure with the LM. The cells are widely separated from one another by this ______. |
|
Definition
matrix
extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage cells occupy spaces in the ECM called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage Cells _____ with fixation while the matrix ____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Hyaline Cartilage can be covered by a ____ except at joint surfaces (similar to ______). |
|
Definition
perichondrium
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Cells of Hyaline Cartilage: __________ |
|
Definition
Chondrogenic cells Chondroblast Chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
Chondrogenic cells give rise to _______, and are _______-shaped |
|
Definition
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|
Term
______ makes most of the matrix |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrocytes are derived from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintain matrix but less active than the chondroblasts. |
|
|
Term
Chondrogenic cells are located in _______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrogenic cells look like _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrogenic cells are derived from _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrogenic cells become _______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrocyte are derived from _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrocyte does what when young? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrocyte lives in _____ often as a ____ of cells since it can divide. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extracellular Matrix is composed of mostly ______ & a few _____ fibers |
|
Definition
type II collagen
elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix has a high ___ content |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extracellular Matrix contains abundant ______ molecules, which are ______ noncovalently associated with hyaluronic acid. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extracellular Matrix containts chondronectin, which is a glycoprotein attaching _____ to ______. to collagen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extracellular Matrix have no ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extracellular Matrix have no blood supply, nutrients instead diffuse in from the ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Chondrocytes metabolize glucose ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
GAGs are ____ charged and attract ___ which attracts _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connects collagen and chondrocyte |
|
|
Term
Classification of cartilage matrix can be based on _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
territorial matrix stains ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
territorial matrix is found where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
territorial matrix is rich in ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
interterritorial matrix stains _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
interterritorial matrix represents the ___ of the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage Found in: __________ |
|
Definition
auricle of the ear, walls of the auditory canals, epiglottis, and larynx |
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage is more ____ than hyaline cartilage but provides some rigidity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage cells produce matrix that contains many ______ in addition to _______. |
|
Definition
elastic fibers
Type II collagen |
|
|
Term
Elastic Cartilage appears ______ in its fresh state |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Elastic Cartilage like hyaline cartilage has a _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fibrocartilage of the _____ makes them highly resistant to forces generated by impinging _____. |
|
Definition
intervertebral discs
vertebra |
|
|
Term
______ fibers within fibrocartilage are primarily responsible for this strength. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fibrocartilage connects ____ to ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
tendons to hyaline cartilage and bone |
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage joins _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage has no apparent _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage forms ____ of knee. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fibrocartilage contains Type __ collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrocartilage is an intermediate between ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. |
|
|
Term
In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, first ______ cells round up and divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mesenchymal cells (embryonic ______) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, secondly _____ differentiate from the mesenchyme |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In the formation of cartilage in embryonic and fetal development, thirdly the chondroblasts that differentiated from the mesenchyme will then _______ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In the formation of cartilage in Growth of a "piece" of cartilage, interstitial growth occurs through the division of ________ from _______. |
|
Definition
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
within the cartilage |
|
|
Term
In the formation of cartilage in Growth of a "piece" of cartilage, appositional growth occurs through division of _____ in the _____ and their differentiation into _____ that divide and produce cartilage beneath the _____. |
|
Definition
chondrogenic cells
perichondrium
chondroblasts
periosteum |
|
|
Term
_____ growth of cartilage is from within. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ growth of cartilage is from the surface, laying down cartilage at the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regulation of cartilage cells is through ____ regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormonal Stimulators of cartilage cells: _______ |
|
Definition
IGF-1, thyroid hormone, and testosterone |
|
|
Term
Hormonal Inhibitors of cartilage cells: _______ |
|
Definition
cortisone/cortisol and estradiol |
|
|
Term
In the Degeneration of cartilage, cartilage Is replaced by _____ with heavy use/older patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Degeneration of cartilage, _____ and abnormal _____ organization occurs in old age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Degeneration of cartilage, Insufficient vitamin __ causes decreased ____ formation and disorganized _____ in a disease called scurvy) |
|
Definition
C
matrix
epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
In the Degeneration of cartilage, Insufficient vitamin D causes reduced absorption of _______ and thereby the cartilage matrix of epiphyseal plate does not _____ properly in a disease called _______. |
|
Definition
calcium and phosphorus
mineralize
rickets |
|
|
Term
The Regeneration of cartilage is limited except when _____ where it can occur in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Regeneration of cartilage,_____ is a surgical technique where small holes are created on the ___ surface of a joint where the cartilage has been lost. This causes ____ and then _____ formation on the surface of worn joint surfaces. |
|
Definition
Micro fracture
bone
bleeding
fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
____ of cartilage from other sites can also be used to regenerate cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix is mostly type ___ collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Provides physical support 2. Storage of calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
Striated Muscle – distinguished by ____-striations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Visceral Striated Muscle is Morphologically identical to _______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Visceral Striated Muscle is associated with ____ tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of Striated Muscle: ______ |
|
Definition
Skeletal Visceral Striated Muscle Cardiac Muscle |
|
|
Term
Does Smooth Muscle posses cross-striations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle is found in _____, _____, and also in the _____ of skin. |
|
Definition
Viscera, vasculature, and also in the arrector pili of skin |
|
|
Term
Muscle cell = muscle _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Skeletal Muscle Cell nucleus charachteristic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A syncytium is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e. cells with a single nucleus) |
|
|
Term
Multinucleate syncytium is ______ |
|
Definition
a cell containing more than one nucleus |
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cell has ____ located nuclei. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cell Cytoplasm is called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cell Plasma membrane is called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cell Dimensions: _____ |
|
Definition
Large
–diameter ~ 10-100 μm –length ~ 2 mm – 1 m |
|
|
Term
In Skeletal Muscle, Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called _____, surrounded by _______. |
|
Definition
fascicles
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endomysium is the connective tissue surrounding ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ connective tissue surrounding individual fascicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endomysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
Small blood vessels and fine neuronal processes. |
|
|
Term
Perimysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
Larger blood vessels and nerves than those contained within the Endomysium |
|
|
Term
______ is dense connective tissue that surrounds the muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epimysium with respect to vasculature and innervation? |
|
Definition
Major blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Largest type of Skeletal Muscle Fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smallest type of Skeletal Muscle Fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers use _____ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers contain: _____ |
|
Definition
lots of myoglobin and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers generate _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are Resistant to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are Predominantly found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are ____ sized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers use _____ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers contain: _______ |
|
Definition
lots of myoglobin, mitochondria and glycogen |
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers are ____ to fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIa of Skeletal Muscle Fibers generate _____ contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIb of Skeletal Muscle Fibers = ______ |
|
Definition
white fibers = fast twitch |
|
|
Term
Type IIb of Skeletal Muscle Fibers have ____ sized fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing high levels of ______ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ skeletal Muscle Fibers stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIb skeletal Muscle Fibers stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing low levels of ___ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is the primary structural unit of a Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myofibril is Composed of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myofibril exhibits ______ in longitudinal sections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ = functional unit of a Myofibril. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 Cellular Structures of Muscle Fiber: ____ |
|
Definition
Myofibril & Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
|
|
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is ________ of the Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
Elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized _____ for skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is located at the center of the I band? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does the M line change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does the H band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thin Filament is composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filament is composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain weakly with NADH-tertrazolium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing high levels of ____ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ____ Skeletal Muscle Fibers Stain strongly with NADH-tertrazolium, showing low levels of ____ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The primary structural unit of a Muscle Fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is an _____ of a Muscle Fiber. |
|
Definition
Elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
Two Cellular Structures of a Muscle Fiber: _______ |
|
Definition
Myofibril & Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
____ are on the sides of the Z line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ are on the sides of the M Line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The A-Band contains ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick Filament is composed of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thing Filament is composed of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filament contains what bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thin filament contains what bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A band is composed of _____ when shortened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A band is composed of ______ when stretched? |
|
Definition
Only Thick filament, myosin |
|
|
Term
Does H band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does the A band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does the I band change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lies on both sides of the z line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lies on both sides of the m line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three main protein components of the Thin Filaments: ________ |
|
Definition
Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Masks the myosin binding site for Thin Filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulates tropomyosin for Thin Filaments |
|
|
Term
Troponin is a complex of ______ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TnC of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TnT of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
anchors troponin to tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
TnI of Troponin function? |
|
Definition
binds actin, inhibits interaction between actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
Titin is an elastic protein that anchors _______ & ______ and stabilizes them relative to ________. |
|
Definition
thick filaments to Z-line
thin filaments |
|
|
Term
α-actinin and nebulin are proteins that anchor ______ to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tropomodulin is an ____ capping protein that regulates ______ length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myomesin and C protein bind ______, holding it in register at the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmin- intermediate filament attaching sarcomeres to each other at the Z-line and to the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dystrophin – probably links actin to laminin in the external lamina of the muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is _____ |
|
Definition
an elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum for skeletal muscle is a repeating network from one _______ junction to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There is ____ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum per sarcomere in skeletal muscle, they are found where? |
|
Definition
2
1 for the A band and 1 for the I band |
|
|
Term
In the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle there are ______ at the ends of network that are Ca++ reservoirs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle there are T tubules: part of the transverse tubular system (T system), which are _______ that allow for ______. |
|
Definition
invaginations of plasma membrane
regulation of Ca++ |
|
|
Term
_____ is characteristic of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuromuscular Junction Regulates ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuromuscular Junction is a contact between _______ with ______. |
|
Definition
axonal terminal branches with muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
In a Neuromuscular Junction the Axon terminus is covered by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuromuscular Junction composes a _____, which is a neuron plus its innervated muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Neurotransmitter used at a Neuromuscular Junction is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle Spindle are specialized _______ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle Spindles, a specialized type of skeletal fibers serve as a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle Spindles, a specialized type of skeletal fibers serve as a Stretch receptor, by using _____, which sense stretching, providing _____ information to ____. |
|
Definition
Proprioreceptors
spatial
CNS |
|
|
Term
Muscle Spindles are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Spindle cells posses: ______ |
|
Definition
–Nuclear bag fiber –Nuclear chain fiber |
|
|
Term
With Skeletal Muscle Growth, Hypertrophy occurs only when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in ____ of the muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in size of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Skeletal Muscle Growth, there is an increase in the number of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Skeletal Muscle Growth, the increase in length comes from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of muscle posses Intercalated Discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiac Muscle has _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intercalated Discs of Cardiac Muscle, are ___ fibers, which serve as specialized ______ |
|
Definition
cross
Specialized attachment sites between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
Intercalated Discs are arranged ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is cardiac muscle striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intercalated Discs of Cardiac Muscle serve as _______ junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiac Muscle nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle nucleus Structure? |
|
Definition
Multinucleate syncytium: a cell containing more than one nucleus Peripheral nuclei |
|
|
Term
A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum possess small ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum has T tubules at _____, _ per sarcomere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A Cardiac Muscle Fiber's Sarcoplasmic reticulum triad or diad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are specialized _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are ____ than cardiac myofibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
Binucleate
Cardiac is Single Central Nucleus. |
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers consists of a few, disorganized ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers ____ regulate and coordinate ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers Generate _____ impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers Rapidly conduct _____ impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is Smooth Muscle striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle is found in: ______. |
|
Definition
viscera, organs, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle are arranged into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle cells = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elongated, fusiform with tapered ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. |
|
|
Term
What is larger, skeletal or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
Single, central nucleus with corkscrew or elongated and tapered morphology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle T system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Smooth Muscle, there is no T system, so how is calcium delivered? |
|
Definition
Membrane invagination called caveolae perform Ca++ delivery |
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle have a Gap junction (____) for communication and coordination |
|
Definition
Gap junction (nexus) communication and coordination |
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle contractions are _____ paced & _______ in length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle contraction has a _____ energy expenditure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle has _____-like contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Cytoskeleton in Smooth Muscle is composed of _____ filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Thin Filaments of smooth muscle are composed of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
On the actin of the thin filaments of smooth muscle, _________ block myosin binding. |
|
Definition
tropomyosin, caldesmon, calponin |
|
|
Term
tropomyosin function in thin filaments of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
Masks the myosin binding site |
|
|
Term
The Thick Filaments of Smooth Muscle are composed of _______ rather than _____ as in the sarcomeres of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
Side-polar myosin II filaments rather than bipolar myosin fialments |
|
|
Term
Smooth Muscle posses _____ which Anchor thin filaments, analogous to the Z-line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Dense Bodies of smooth muscle Anchor thin filaments and connect to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Bodies of the smooth muscle are analogous to the _____ of skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK, a Cytoskeleton protein of smooth muscle, does what? |
|
Definition
initiates contraction by activating myosin II |
|
|
Term
Calmodulin, a Cytoskeleton protein of smooth muscle, binds ____ & ____ to regulate contraction. |
|
Definition
Ca++ and MLCK (Myosin Light Chain Kinase) |
|
|
Term
Does smooth muscle possess a sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do smooth muscle possess Gap junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A gap junction or nexus is a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types.[1][2][3] It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.[4][5] |
|
|
Term
Skeletal Muscle is regenerated following an injury by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Satellite Cells are found between sarcolemma of _____ & _____> |
|
Definition
muscle fibers and external lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
Satellite Cells are _____ sized and hard to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Satellite Cells are ____ precursor cells and are normally quiescent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With regeneration of Cardiac Muscle, are there stem cells? |
|
Definition
No stem cells or precursor cells |
|
|
Term
What happens to dead cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
Dead cardiac cells are replaced with fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
With Smooth Muscle regeneration, Mature cells can ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth muscle progenitor cells include: ______ |
|
Definition
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, vascular pericytes |
|
|
Term
Nervous System (NS) is Organized into Two Divisions: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve Tissue Contains Two Distinct Types of Cells, ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurons process and transmit information via _______ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurons are the ____ cells of the NS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glia are the _____ cells of the NS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ neurons in humans do not divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell body of a neuron is aka _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell body of a neuron ________ information. |
|
Definition
Receives and integrates information. |
|
|
Term
The cell body is the _____ center of the cell, especially for ____ synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cell body of a neuron has a _____ PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many axons per neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Axon is specialized to _____ information to target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parts of the axon: ________ |
|
Definition
axolemma axon hillock initial segment collaterals (branches) terminals (synaptic terminals) |
|
|
Term
Axons of some neurons are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is the triangluar shaped part of the axon where RER is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelin sheaths are ______, wrapped tightly around the axon, multiple times. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelin is predominantly _____, which gives a ____ appearance to fresh cut nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White Matter myelinated or unmyelinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the PNS, myelin is produced by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many axons can a Schwann cell wrap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the CNS, myelin is produced by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many axons can oligodendrocytes wrap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The space that occurs between each length of myelin wrapping is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of myelin is to ____ axons, thus providing faster conduction such that the action potential “jumps” from node to node, in a process called _____. |
|
Definition
insulate
saltatory conduction |
|
|
Term
Each glial cell can produce myelin for only ________ of an axon. |
|
Definition
a portion of the length of the axon. |
|
|
Term
In myelinated axons, the action potential “jumps” from _______, greatly increasing transmission speed. |
|
Definition
one node to the next (“Node of Ranvier”) |
|
|
Term
The axons of some neurons have no myelin sheaths, but can still associate with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unmyelinated nerves “sit” in an indented pocket of a ______, but there is no _______. |
|
Definition
Schwann cell
wrapping of glial cell membranes |
|
|
Term
_____ nerves are not easily observed with light microscopy, because _____ |
|
Definition
Unmyelinated
their diameter is close to the resolution limits of LM. |
|
|
Term
heavily myelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: _____. |
|
Definition
High Velocity
acute pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception, somatic efferent fibers |
|
|
Term
less heavily myelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: ______ |
|
Definition
Moderate-velocity fibers:
visceral afferents, preganglionic autonomics |
|
|
Term
unmyelinated nerve fibers are ____ velocity fibers and some examples include: ______ |
|
Definition
Slow-velocity fibers
postganglionic autonomics, chronic pain |
|
|
Term
The nucleus of a neuron is ____ sized and stains _____. |
|
Definition
Nucleus-large, pale-staining |
|
|
Term
The ______ of a neuron is prominent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ of neurons are RER found in ______. |
|
Definition
Nissl bodies-RER found in the cell body and dendrites |
|
|
Term
The SER of the neuron's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Cytoskeleton of a neuron is composed of: _______ |
|
Definition
Neurotubules = microtubules Neurofilaments = Intermediate filaments Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indigestible material in lysosomes in the neurons |
|
|
Term
Multipolar neuron has _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pseudounipolar is found mostly in the ___, especially within _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Pseudounipolar neurons one ____ fuses with the axon to form a “___”-junction just to the side of the cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bipolar neurons are fewest in number, have ____ dendrite and ____ axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bipolar neurons are Located in the ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ & packaging must occur in the cell body |
|
Definition
protein synthesis and packaging |
|
|
Term
Neurons build an extensive _____ network to transport all necessary material to the synapse (and back). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ serve as the “superhighway” for trafficking of materials, while _____ serve as “local” tracks for neurons. |
|
Definition
Microtubules
microfilaments |
|
|
Term
______ motors deliver materials distally (_____GRADE), while _____ motors deliver materials back to the cell body (_____GRADE) for Axonal Transport. |
|
Definition
Kinesin
ANTERO
dynein
RETRO |
|
|
Term
Kinesin transports towards the ____ end for axonal transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dynein transports towards the ____ end for axonal transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapses are Specialized sites for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotransmitters are released from ____ nerve terminals by _____ upon arrival of the ______. |
|
Definition
presynaptic
exocytosis
action potential |
|
|
Term
Transmitters interact with receptors on postsynaptic cells to alter _____ properties of target cells – to ____ or _____. |
|
Definition
membrane
excite or inhibit |
|
|
Term
Motor end plate (aka _______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapses are particularly amenable to ______. |
|
Definition
pharmacological intervention (drugs) |
|
|
Term
Axosomatic Synapses, occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
axodendritic Synapses, occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapses as observed by either ____ or ____ techniques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapses have a ____ shape in TEM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial Cells are the _____ Cells of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are there more of, Glial Cells or Neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is smaller, Glial Cells or Neurons? |
|
Definition
Glial Cells, but they make up most of the bulk |
|
|
Term
Do Glial Cells propagate action potentials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial Cells are involved in _____ formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial Cells serve in ____ support. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial Cells aid in _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial Cells perform many supportive functions, particularly in the _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mature glia retain ability to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most NS tumors are _____ in origin, such as malignant astrocytomas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glia in the PNS, _____ provide myelin sheaths around nerve fibers (axons). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One Schwann cell makes _____ of myelin around part of an axon, thus many Schwann cells and myelin segments will occur along a myelinated axon in the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ play an important role in PNS regeneration after injury by providing ______ & ______ for regrowing axons. |
|
Definition
Schwann cells
scaffolding and growth factors |
|
|
Term
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), _____ cells completely surround the DRG neuron cell body, preventing ____ from being made. |
|
Definition
satellite (glial)
synapses |
|
|
Term
DRG are found in the _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In autonomic ganglia, the glial cells ______. |
|
Definition
surround the neuron cell body incompletely |
|
|
Term
In autonomic ganglia, the glial cells surround the neuron cell body incompletely, this allows _________. |
|
Definition
presynaptic autonomic nerves to synapse on post-synaptic autonomic neurons. |
|
|
Term
Glia in the CNS: ________ |
|
Definition
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Ependyma Microglia |
|
|
Term
Astrocytes are glia in the CNS that are ___-shaped with many _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Astrocytes possess intermediate filaments composed of _______, which is used as a diagnostic marker for these cells. |
|
Definition
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) |
|
|
Term
Astrocytes are involved in the regulation of the ______ that exist between ____ cells, which forms the basis of the ______. |
|
Definition
tight junctions
brain endothelial
blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells with ____ processes, provide ____ in CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One Oligodendrocytes provides myelin segments to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ependyma are CNS glial cells that line _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specialized ependyma, which is an Glial cell in the CNS, (______) make ______. |
|
Definition
choroid plexus
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
Microglia are not true nervous system _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microglia, a glial cell in the CNS, are resident _____ derived from hematopoietic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microglia, a glial cell in the CNS, Function in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peripheral nerves are bundles of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peripheral nerve coverings: _______. |
|
Definition
Epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium |
|
|
Term
Peripheral nerves can contain processes that are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peripheral nerves can contain _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
both somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Term
Peripheral nerves have a “_____” appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ganglia are collections of _____ in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two main types of Ganglia: _______. |
|
Definition
Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)
Autonomic Ganglia |
|
|
Term
Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) are _____ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Autonomic Ganglia are _____ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DRG contain ______ neurons that transmit sensory information from ______ structures to the _____. |
|
Definition
pseudounipolar
somatic and visceral
CNS |
|
|
Term
A _____ surrounds the entire DRG. |
|
Definition
connective tissue capsule |
|
|
Term
Large and small round, pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies lie interspersed with typical wavy sections of myelinated, ______ nerve fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smaller _____ (glial) cells completely surround neuron cell bodies of DRG, thus preventing ____ from forming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Autonomic ganglia (AG) contain ____ sized, _____polar neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functionally, Autonomic ganglia are ______ & ______, _____ganglionic visceromotor neurons that are found in ______ or in or near visceral organs. |
|
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
post
sympathetic chains |
|
|
Term
A ______ surrounds autonomic ganglia. |
|
Definition
thin connective tissue capsule |
|
|
Term
Satellite (glial) for DRG cells incompletely surround _____, allowing synapses to be made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do Pseudounipolar neurons have their cell bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do somatic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do somatic afferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do visceral afferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do visceral preganglionic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do visceral postganglionic efferent fibers have their cell body? |
|
Definition
Prevertebral Ganglion (Autonomic Ganglion) |
|
|
Term
Meissner’s corpuscles sense _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pacinian corpuscles sense _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory Receptors at end Organs receive, transduce and transmit information from external and internal sources to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sensory Receptors of the End Organs (Peripheral Structures) are typically encased in cells that are either modified _____ or modified _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
End Organs are Motor _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Effectors are ____ in function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Effectors are motor in function, which bring about activity in ____, ____, or _____ in the periphery through release of neurotransmitters at synapses. |
|
Definition
muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
Motor end plates are ______ on _____. |
|
Definition
neuromuscular junctions
skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
Synapses on heart muscle, smooth muscle, gland cells or fat cells are not as morphologically specialized as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loss or Impairment of Neurons or Glia Leads to Significant Clinical Problems: __________ |
|
Definition
1. Stroke 2. Head and spinal cord trauma 3. Neurodegenerative diseases of aging such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s 4. Developmental disorders such as spina bifida, anencephaly 5. Neurological tumors 6. Others such as Multiple sclerosis, epilepsy 7. Pain |
|
|
Term
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
End Organs are Motor _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Effectors are ____ in function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Effectors are motor in function, which bring about activity in ____, ____, or _____ in the periphery through release of neurotransmitters at synapses. |
|
Definition
muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
Motor end plates are ______ on _____. |
|
Definition
neuromuscular junctions
skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
Synapses on heart muscle, smooth muscle, gland cells or fat cells are not as morphologically specialized as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loss or Impairment of Neurons or Glia Leads to Significant Clinical Problems: __________ |
|
Definition
1. Stroke 2. Head and spinal cord trauma 3. Neurodegenerative diseases of aging such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s 4. Developmental disorders such as spina bifida, anencephaly 5. Neurological tumors 6. Others such as Multiple sclerosis, epilepsy 7. Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma is the fluid left after _______. |
|
Definition
removing cells when clotting is inhibited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volume of blood occupied by cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White blood cells two types: _______. |
|
Definition
Agranulocytes (lack granules)
Granulocytes (contain granules) |
|
|
Term
Types of Agranulocytes (lack granules): _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of Granulocytes (contain granules): ______. |
|
Definition
neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RBCs are very dense cells containing _____ hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Life span is about ____ days for RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Old cells are removed by ____ in spleen, which are recognized by the presence of aging/denatured _____ of surface proteins. |
|
Definition
macrophages
oligosaccharides |
|
|
Term
obvious function of RBCs is for ______. |
|
Definition
gas transport (O2 and CO2). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RBCs have a unique ____ shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ is a protein associated with transmembrane proteins that is involved in forming the RBC into a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations in spectrin can cause the RBCs to ________. |
|
Definition
have an altered shape (eliptocytosis and spherocytosis) |
|
|
Term
Individuals with mutations in spectrin are ______ and have _____. |
|
Definition
anemic, jaundice
swollen spleens |
|
|
Term
RBCs can bind together like life savers by way of serum proteins such as _____ that bind to _____ residues on glycoproteins of RBCs, binding them together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RBCs bound together are called ____ formations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RBCs stained with ____ stain on a blood smear appear tan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who has higher Hematocrit levels, females or males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
approximately 5 x 106/mm3 with men higher than women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ = normal sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ = small sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ = large sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ = heterogeneous sized RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The tan color of stained RBCs are dependent upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
normal hemoglobin levels? |
|
Definition
15 gm/dL) with men being higher |
|
|
Term
______ = Tan RBCs = normal hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ = dark tan/brown RBCs = ______ hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ = light tan RBCs = ______ hemoglobin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White blood cells aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White blood cells (leukocytes)- ______/mm3 blood representing about __% of the volume of whole blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Approximately half our leukocytes are _____ and the other half is _______. |
|
Definition
circulating in blood
bound to the blood vessel wall (margination) and stored in the spleen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WBCs bound to blood vessel's wall |
|
|
Term
two general types of leukocytes: ______. |
|
Definition
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils aka __________. |
|
Definition
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils make up ____% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils are ____ in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The number of segments in the neutrophil's nucleus increase with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils have a _____ colored cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils possess two types of granules: _____. |
|
Definition
specific granules lysosomes |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils specific granules stain ____. |
|
Definition
colorless aka do not stain |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils lysosomes stain ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils life span in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils that Migrate into connective tissue can live _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*Neutrophils function primarily to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*Neutrophils Increase in number when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
High numbers of immature neutrophils in blood is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria are initially phagocytosed in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria are initially phagocytosed in phagosomes that later fuse with both _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
specific granules and lysosomes |
|
|
Term
The granules and lysosomes release their contents into the phagosome, becoming a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The neutrophil also pumps______ into the phagolysosome that also contributes to the killing of bacteria. |
|
Definition
toxic reactive oxygen species (e.g. H2O2) |
|
|
Term
Antibodies are produced by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibodies that are produced by plasma cells in response to a bacterial infection bind to bacteria and serve as _____ for _____ on neutrophils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How can the neutrophil can recognize the bacteria as foreign? |
|
Definition
By the antibody that binds to the bacteria serving as a ligand for receptors on neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
Coating bacteria with antibodies that destine them for phagocytose by neutrophils is a process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibodies have two "ends": ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Fab portion of the anitbody does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fc portion of the anitbody does what? |
|
Definition
Serves as a ligand for the Fc receptors on neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
Azurophilic granules aka phagocytose bacteria, bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In addition to the Fc Receptor with Antibodies to phagocytose bacteria, bacteria can also be phagocytosed by ______ for neutrophils. |
|
Definition
Complement, a Complement binds to bacteria which then binds to a Complement receptor on the neutrophils |
|
|
Term
In Tests for infection ______ increases above normal range. |
|
Definition
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
|
|
Term
In Tests for infection _______ increases. |
|
Definition
White blood cell differential - % of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
In Tests for infection a _______ can be taken for pathogenic organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ on RBCs normally keep them from aggregating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteins such as _____, increase in infections and other diseases causing an increased RBC aggregation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RBC _____ can happen during infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased aggregation following an infection causes RBCs to settle to the bottom of the tube more quickly than normal aka a ________. |
|
Definition
increased ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate or Sed Rate or ESR) |
|
|
Term
Macrophages produce ____ in response to a bacterial infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IL-6 produced by Macrophages following infection induces ___ synthesis by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
binds to bacteria allowing them to be phagocytosed by neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
Binding of CRP by a neutrophil to phagocytose bacteria causes the neutrophil to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ of CRP change quickly with an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils have a _____ colored cytoplasm, with a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils makes up ______% of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils _____ in diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils have a Life span is _____ in circulation and _____ in connective tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils increase when? |
|
Definition
in allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
|
|
Term
Eosinophil Granules contain _____ and other proteins that kill parasites |
|
Definition
major basic protein (MBP) |
|
|
Term
Eosinophils are kept under Regulation by ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Corticosteroids antibodies |
|
|
Term
antibodies _____ Eosinophils by _______. |
|
Definition
activate
binding to Fc receptors |
|
|
Term
Corticosteroids effect on Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils Phagocytose ______ complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils _____ other leukocytes at sites of _____ & _____ by secreting ______. |
|
Definition
Regulate
inflammation and immune reactions
cytokines |
|
|
Term
Basophils make up _____% of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophils are ____ μm in diameter with a ______ shaped nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophils are activated by ______ and then secrete _____ that influence other leukocytes. |
|
Definition
antibody binding to Fc receptors
cytokines |
|
|
Term
Basophils granules contain _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
heparin and histamine (IgE causes release) |
|
|
Term
Basophils granules are _____ colored and _____ the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What has larger Granules, Mast Cells or Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are there more of, Mast Cells or Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophils increase in number when? |
|
Definition
During hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
Example of hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Basophils give rise to Mast Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophils does what in hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
enters connective tissues |
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes make up ___% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes have two major cell types: _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cells make up ____% of circulating lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T cells make up ____% of circulating lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cells differentiate following exposure to ____ to become _____ and produce _____. |
|
Definition
antigen
plasma cells
antibodies |
|
|
Term
T cells are involved in ______. |
|
Definition
cell mediated immunity (killing tumor cells and virally infected cells). |
|
|
Term
T Cells can assist the plasma cell in making ____ and can signal and interact with other ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes increase in number in the blood when? |
|
Definition
with most types of leukemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
solid tumors made of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
Monocytes are ____ μm in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytes nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytes life span is _____ in circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytes can enter connective tissue and differentiate into ______, and reside for varying periods of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytes have Fc receptors for ______. |
|
Definition
phagocytosis of bacteria and other antigens in the circulation. |
|
|
Term
Monocytes make up _____% of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets are ____ in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets (thrombocytes) nucleus structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets (thrombocytes) represent _____ of _____ that reside in the _____. |
|
Definition
represent “pinched” off pieces of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes that reside in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
There are ____ Platelets (thrombocytes) per micro liter of blood. |
|
Definition
150,000 - 450,000 platelets/μl in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) |
|
|
Term
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) normal range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are larger newly formed or older platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is more active, newly formed or older platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets (thrombocytes) life span is _____ in circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets (thrombocytes) bind to damaged _____ in broken vessels and release releasing factors involved in vessel repair, ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
endothelial cells
blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. |
|
|
Term
factors secrete by Platelets: ______ |
|
Definition
Serotonin ADP & thromboxane A2 Platelet thromboplastic factor Platelet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
Serotonin released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ADP & thromboxane A2 released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
causes the aggregation of platelets |
|
|
Term
Platelet derived growth factor released by platelets does what? |
|
Definition
helps smooth muscle and fibroblasts divide and repair the wound. |
|
|
Term
the clot formed during blood vessel repair by platelets is lysed by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood Cell Formation aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three phases of the Ontogeny of Blood cell Formation: _____. |
|
Definition
Primordial phase Hepatosplenothymic phase Medullolymphatic phase |
|
|
Term
The Primordial phase of Blood Cell formation begins at _______, with ____ RBCs & with _____ hemoglobin |
|
Definition
2 wks of embryonic life
nucleated
fetal |
|
|
Term
Hepatosplenothymic phase of Blood cell Formation begins at _____, with ______ RBCs. |
|
Definition
2 months embryonic life
anucleated |
|
|
Term
______ phase of blood cell formation occurs from birth throughout adult life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medullolymphatic phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatosplenothymic phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primordial phase of blood cell formation occurs where? |
|
Definition
Yolk sac, Blood islands of yolk sac |
|
|
Term
The sequence of Ontogeny of Blood cell Formation can be pushed backwards if _____ gets damaged in adulthood, which means ______. |
|
Definition
marrow
The spleen and liver begin producing cells again. |
|
|
Term
Two types of marrow: ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Red marrow contains _____ that give rise to blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Red marrow is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Red marrow contains vascular channels surrounded by _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
developing blood cells and fat cells. |
|
|
Term
Yellow marrow is mostly comprised of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does hematopoiesis occur in yellow marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood Stem cells are cells that can produce ______ and/or _______> |
|
Definition
more of themselves
differentiate into mature blood cells. |
|
|
Term
Types of marrow stem cells _______ |
|
Definition
Colony Forming Unit (CFU) |
|
|
Term
Colony Forming Unit (CFU) are ____ cells placed under the capsule of the ____ produce _______. |
|
Definition
stem
spleen
a colony of cells containing all blood cell types |
|
|
Term
Another name for Colony Forming Unit (CFU) is _______. |
|
Definition
Pluripotential Stem Cells |
|
|
Term
Multipotential Stem Cells are stem cells that ______. |
|
Definition
give rise to many different cell types but not all. |
|
|
Term
myeloid precursor is gives rise to _____. |
|
Definition
all blood cell types except lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
myeloid precursor is an example of a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Unipotential stem cells" arise from _____ stem cells and give rise only to _______. |
|
Definition
pluripotential
a specific lineage of cells. |
|
|
Term
lymphoid unipotential stem cell gives rise only to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cells require interactions with ______ cells to function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cells for blood are found where? |
|
Definition
in the marrow and in circulating blood |
|
|
Term
Are there markers for stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cell factor aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does Stem cell factor (Steel) regulate stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stem cells does Stem cell factor (Steel) stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cell factor (Steel) is produced by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stem cell factor (Steel) exists as a _____ protein requiring ______ for signaling. |
|
Definition
integral membrane
cell-cell contact |
|
|
Term
Interleukins 1, 3, & 6 _____ many types of stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
GM-CSF ______ _____ stem cells involved in production of ______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
granulocytes & monocytes |
|
|
Term
M-CSF ______ ______ stem cells involved in production of ______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
macrophages |
|
|
Term
G-CSF ____ ______ stem cells involved in production of _______. |
|
Definition
stimulates
unipotential
granulocytes |
|
|
Term
Erythropoietin is produced by the _____ and stimulates ____ production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Differentiated blood cells and a few stem cells can enter the blood stream by passing between ______ of the _______ in the marrow cavity. |
|
Definition
endothelial cells
sinusoids |
|
|
Term
The endothelial cells of the vascular channels that differentiated blood cells and a few stem cells pass between have receptors for: _______. |
|
Definition
androgens, glucocorticoids and bacterial toxins |
|
|
Term
What happens when the enothelial cells of the blood vessels near bone marrow bind their regulators (androgens, glucocorticoids and bacterial toxins)? |
|
Definition
When these regulators bind, the endothelial cells express surface proteins that allow the differentiated cells to attach and find their way between the endothelial cells. |
|
|
Term
CFU (____potential stem cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CFU gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
Common myeloid precursor Common lymphoid |
|
|
Term
Common myeloid precursor is ____potential stem cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Common lymphoid is _____potential stem cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Common myeloid precursor gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
Mast Cell Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte RBC Megakaryocyte Neutrophil |
|
|
Term
Common lymphoid gives rise to: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of Lymphocytes: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pluripotential Stem Cells can be isolated from _____ and used for marrow donations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When trying to isolate Pluripotential Stem Cells from the blood, the donor is given ____ for 4-6 days to _______. |
|
Definition
G-CSF
increase the movement of stem cells into the peripheral circulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates unipotential stem cells involved in production of granulocytes |
|
|
Term
The process called ______ is used to collect stem cells using the marker ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Developing blood cells become _____ in size as they become more mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The nuclei of developing blood cells becomes ______ as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Developing blood cells can be identified by the presence or absence of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Developing blood cells can be identified by the shape of their ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Developing blood cells can be identified by the staining characteristics of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The RBC lineage is classified on the basis of _______. |
|
Definition
the color of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
The granulocyte lineage of the myeloid lineage is classified on the basis of _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
the color of granule and the shape of the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
The granulocyte lineage gives rise to: _______. |
|
Definition
Eosinophil Neutrophil Basophil |
|
|
Term
First common cell type in the granulocyte lineage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
granulocyte development order: _______. |
|
Definition
Promyelocyte -> Myelocyte -> Metamyelocyte -> Band -> Mature |
|
|
Term
RBC development order: ______. |
|
Definition
Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast RBC |
|
|
Term
Eosinophil lobe character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophil lobe character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lobes poorly formed - 2 lobes |
|
|
Term
What steps of RBC development have the nucleus still? |
|
Definition
Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast |
|
|
Term
Red Blood Cell Production aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Red Blood Cell Production (Erythropoiesis) requires association with _______. |
|
Definition
macrophages (erythroblastic islands) |
|
|
Term
How do macrophages assist in RBC production? |
|
Definition
phagocytosis of extruded nuclei |
|
|
Term
Basophilic erythroblast is ____ step in RBC production (as we are concerned)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophilic erythroblast has a very cytoplasm, because _____ |
|
Definition
the cell is producing a large number of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
Why does the Basophilic erythroblast produce tons of Ribosomes? |
|
Definition
will be needed later when the progeny of this cell begin to produce hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast has a _____ colored cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophilic erythroblast has a _____ colored cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast are Often found in clumps and have _____ chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Orthochromatic Erythroblasts are filled with a lot of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Orthochromatic Erythroblasts cytoplasm stains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White Blood Cell Production AKA (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) the Nuclei become _______ & _____ as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) the cells become _____ in size as they mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Promyelocyte how do the granules stain? |
|
Definition
Same color as the nucleus (Pink) |
|
|
Term
A Promyelocyte is committed genetically to _______ however it has not begun to _______. |
|
Definition
becoming one of the three granulocytes
produce any of the specific granules |
|
|
Term
Color of Neutrophil nucleus and cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
Nucleus- Pink/Purple Cytoplasm- Light staining because the granules do not take up the dye |
|
|
Term
myelocytes have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
Round nucleus (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
metamyelocyte have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
indented (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
band have a _____ shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
band/ horseshoe (Granulocyte development lineage) |
|
|
Term
Basophils leave the marrow as ______, while Mast Cells ______ |
|
Definition
Basophils leave the marrow as mature cells while mast cells usually leave the marrow and travel to the connective tissues before they acquire mature granules. |
|
|
Term
Where do Basophils mature (obtain specific granules) fully? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do Mast Cells mature (obtain specific granules) fully? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Production of Platelets aka (_______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets (Thrombocytes) are produced by _____ in the ______. |
|
Definition
megakaryocytes
Bone Marrow |
|
|
Term
With White Blood Cell Production (leukopoiesis) cells become ____ in size as they mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Platelets are simply _____ |
|
Definition
simply small pieces of cytoplasm of Megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
Megakaryocytes are _____ sized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Megakaryocytes DNA characteristic? |
|
Definition
polyploid (extra copies of chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
Platelets pinch of Megakaryocytes into _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do Lymphocytes develop or begin to at least? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cells complete their development where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cells complete their development in the marrow and then migrate to other sites where they can ______ and then _______. |
|
Definition
contact antigen
divide to produce more B cells |
|
|
Term
T cells begin in the _____ but migrate to the _____ to complete development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T cells begin in the marrow but migrate to the thymus to complete development. Then they migrate to other sites, contact _____, and then _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocytes are produced in the ____ and can migrate to other sites and divide (limited) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monocyte can also mature into ____ in the ______. |
|
Definition
macrophages
connective tissues |
|
|
Term
General Structure of Blood Vessels: _______ |
|
Definition
Tunica Adventitia Tunica Media Tunica Intima |
|
|
Term
Tunica intima forms the Lining of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica intima controls __________. |
|
Definition
passage of molecules and cells between lumen and surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
Tunica intima Regulates _____ through ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
blood flow
vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
|
|
Term
Tunica media function is to provide ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica media maintains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica _____ interfaces with other tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica intima consits of: _____. |
|
Definition
Endothelium Basal lamina (ECM) Internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
The Endothelium of the Tunica intima consists of a _______ |
|
Definition
single layer of squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
Basal lamina (ECM) of the Tunica intima consists of: _____ |
|
Definition
collagen, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
Tunica media consists of: ______ |
|
Definition
Layers of smooth muscle - circumferential External elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
Blood vessels can be distinguished by differences in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Elastic Arteries have a _____ content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Elastic Arteries resist and absorbs _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Elastic Arteries use the _____ force to maintain blood pressure during _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscular Arteries have a High ______ content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscular Arteries maintains blood pressure by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Examples of Large Elastic Arteries: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Elastic Arteries, elastic character allows it to: handle _____ stress, maintain _____, _____ closure |
|
Definition
structural
blood pressure
valve |
|
|
Term
Vasa vasorum is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the external elastic membrane found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the internal elastic membrane found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Large Elastic Arteries the Tunica ______ is the thickest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Large Elastic Arteries the internal elastic membrane is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica media of Large Elastic Arteries, Multiple layers of smooth muscle are separated by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The smooth muscle of Tunica media is not truly ______, but instead ______. |
|
Definition
circumferential
have slight spiral |
|
|
Term
The Elastic laminae of the Tunica media of Large Elastic Arteries are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
elastic fibers in the tunica _____ in large elastic arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most arteries are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Muscular Arteries is the Tunica Intima thicker or thinner than in Elastic Arteries. |
|
Definition
Thinner in elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
Which Tunica is thickest in Muscular Arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica media consists of Multiple layers of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica media Predominantly composed of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica media of Muscular Arteries contain _____ amount of elastic laminae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Arteries and Arterioles have poorly defined Tunica ______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica media for small arteries is ______ layers thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica media for Arterioles is ______ layers thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Tunica intima of Arterioles the internal elastic membrane may _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the internal elastic membrane present in the Tunica Intima of small arteries? |
|
Definition
Yes versus not always being present as in arterioles |
|
|
Term
Metarterioles have a ____ layer of smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metarterioles Precapillary sphincter at junction to ________, which controls amount of ________. |
|
Definition
capillary bed
blood flow into capillary |
|
|
Term
Capillaries Function is for the regulation of the exchange and transport of ______. |
|
Definition
O2, CO2 metabolites and waste between blood and tissue |
|
|
Term
Capillaries are structurally composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina |
|
|
Term
For Capillaries, what surrounds the lumen? |
|
Definition
Single endothelial cell surrounds the entire lumen |
|
|
Term
For Capillaries the diameter allows for the passage of a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes are found where? |
|
Definition
Sparsely located around capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Support and stability role for capilary |
|
|
Term
Pericytes Surround capillaries, sharing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes, Contractile: regulated by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Capillaries are structurally composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina |
|
|
Term
For Capillaries, what surrounds the lumen? |
|
Definition
Single endothelial cell surrounds the entire lumen |
|
|
Term
For Capillaries the diameter allows for the passage of a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes are found where? |
|
Definition
Sparsely located around capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Support and stability role for capilary |
|
|
Term
Pericytes Surround capillaries, sharing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes, Contractile: regulated by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What support cell of capillaries is also a stem cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes are _____potential stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pericytes are Multipotential stem cells around capillaries that produce ______. |
|
Definition
endothelial and smooth muscle cells (Can renew tissue for the capillaries) |
|
|
Term
Pericytes function as Multipotential stem cells around capillaries when? |
|
Definition
during development and angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels |
|
|
Term
Pericytes are Histologically similar to _______. |
|
Definition
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mesenchyme, or mesenchymal connective tissue, is a type of undifferentiated loose connective tissue that is derived mostly from mesoderm, although some is derived from other germ layers; |
|
|
Term
3 Types of Capillaries: ________. |
|
Definition
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids) |
|
|
Term
Continuous capillaries possess _____ junctions through which only molecules _____ can pass through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Continuous capillaries use ________ to transport larger molecules that cannot pass through the occluding junctions (<10 kDa only). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Continuous capillaries are typical of: ______ tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fenestrated capillaries have Fenestrations that are _____ diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two types of Fenestrated capillaries: _____. |
|
Definition
Without diaphragms
With diaphragms |
|
|
Term
Where are the diaphragms of Fenestrated capillaries derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the diaphragms of Fenestrated capillaries that possess them cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fenestrated capillaries are typical of: _____ tissues. |
|
Definition
endocrine glands, gall bladder, kidney, intestine |
|
|
Term
Discontinuous capillaries aka (_______) |
|
Definition
sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids |
|
|
Term
Discontinuous capillaries have _____ diameters compared to the two other types of capillaries (Continuous & Fenestrated) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Discontinuous capillaries have a ____ diameter, are _____ shaped, and have ______ sized gaps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids) are typical of: ____ tissues. |
|
Definition
liver, spleen, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
Tunica are not as well defined in veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who has thinner walls, veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who has larger lumens, veins or arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Veins or Arteries are often partly collapsed in sections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large glorified capillaries |
|
|
Term
Venules tunica characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Venules have Pericytes? |
|
Definition
Yes (just like capillaries) |
|
|
Term
Where are the Pericytes found around venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Veins have a diameter of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Veins tunica characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Venules tunica intima have a basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Components of Tunica intima of Small Veins? |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina –Sometimes have a thin subendothelial layer of connective tissue –Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
The Tunica media of Small Veins is composed of _____ layers. |
|
Definition
1-3 layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
Small Arteries have ____ layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arterioles have ____ layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In small veins what tunica is thicker media or adventitia? |
|
Definition
Tunica adventitia is Thicker than tunica media |
|
|
Term
The Tunica adventitia of small veins is composed of ______ |
|
Definition
Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
What Tunica is thickest in Muscular Arteries & Large Elastic Arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of veins posses valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medium Veins Tunica intima is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina –Subendothelial layer: small (connective tissue, some smooth muscle cells) –Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
Medium Veins Tunica Media is ____ compared to arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica media of Medium Veins is made up of multiple layers of ______. |
|
Definition
circumferential smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
The smooth muscle making up arteries tunica media is not truly circumferential , but _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In medium veins the Tunica Intima's boundary with tunica media is often ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tunica media of Medium Veins has _____ & ______ present in addition to smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
Collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
Tunica media of Medium Veins sometimes has ______ cells at outermost region. |
|
Definition
longitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
What is thicker in Medium Veins, Tunica Media or Adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica adventitia of Medium Veins is composed of _______. |
|
Definition
Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Veins Tunica intima is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium with basal lamina –Subendothelial layer: small (connective tissue, some smooth muscle cells) –Sometimes have a thin internal elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
Large Veins thickest Tunica layer is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Tunica media of Large veins _______ and _____ are present. |
|
Definition
Collagen and elastic fibers present |
|
|
Term
The Tunica media of Large veins possesses multiple layers of ______ smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tunica adventitia of Large Veins is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
-Connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers –Longitudinal smooth muscle cells –Vasa vasorum: arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
Which veins have a Vasa vasorum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which veins have Longitudinal smooth muscle in their Tunic adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which arteries have Longitudinal smooth muscle in their Tunic adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Layers of the Heart Wall: _______. |
|
Definition
Endocardium Subendocardium Myocardium Epicardium |
|
|
Term
The Endocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
–Endothelium –Subendothelial connective tissue layer –Layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
The Subendocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
–Connective tissue –Conducting system is in this layer |
|
|
Term
The Myocardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Epicardium is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
-Layer of connective and adipose tissue containing blood and nerves –Mesothelial cells: |
|
|
Term
In what layer of the heart is the conducting system found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Subendocardium is continuous with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what layer of the heart is the Endothelium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what layer of the heart is the Purkinje Fibers found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what layer of the heart is the Cardiac muscle found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the largest layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mesothelial cells are found in what layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mesothelial cells line the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what layer are the nerves and blood vessels supplying the heart contained? |
|
Definition
Epicardium in the layer of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
In what layer of the heart are smooth muscle cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Electrical Conducting System of the Heart is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (SV) node Atrioventricular bundle of His Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
What generates the electrical signal of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular (SV) node is located Beneath the _____ of the ______. |
|
Definition
endocardium
right atrial septal wall |
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular (SV) node uses _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are larger Cardiac conducting cells or Cardiac Muscle Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular (SV) node is found in what layer of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the pacemaker of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) node is made of ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nodal cardiac muscle cells which make up the SA node are specialized ______. |
|
Definition
Specialized conductive cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
What are larger Nodal cardiac muscle cells or cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nodal cardiac muscle cells which make up the SA node have atypical ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular (SV) node, receives impulses from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular bundle of His transmits impulse across ______ to _____ by left and right branches. |
|
Definition
fibrous skeleton (dense connective tissue)
ventricles |
|
|
Term
Atrioventricular bundle of His is composed of _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are ______ branches and _____ of the conducting system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are composed of _______ cells. |
|
Definition
Specialized conductive cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are _____ in size compared to cardiac muscle cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purkinje Fibers are found in the ______ layer of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Purkinje Fibers posses Intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Difference between Purkinje Fibers & Cardiac Muscle Intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
Purkinje Fibers are more variable and not as well defined. |
|
|
Term
Lymphatic Vascular System is ____ directional. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic Vascular System Conveys fluids from _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic capillaries Originate in tissues as ______ vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic capillaries are more _____ & _____ than capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Lymphatic capillaries have fenestrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic capillaries are highly _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic capillaries are Highly permeable and therefore can collect _____ and _____ too large to enter capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic vessels and ducts have ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Major Parts of the skin: ______ |
|
Definition
epidermis dermis hypodermis |
|
|
Term
The epidermis is composed of ______ epithelium. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
The dermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
The hypodermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appendages of the Skin: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Sweat glands 2. Sebaceous glands 3. Hair follicles 4. Nails |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Epidermis: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhans cells 4. Merkel cells |
|
|
Term
What cell type makes up 90% of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes provide _____ function to the epidermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Through Melanin Melanocytes provide _____ function for the epidermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Langerhans cells serve what function for the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Merkel cells serve what function for the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Merkel cells are similar to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes are derived from from embryonic ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes produce ______ (proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes produce ______ (lipids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lamellar bodies produced by Keratinocytes do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes cells divide at the ____ and then _____ and are pushed toward the surface creating layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes are involved in the production of vitamin _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratins give skin what property? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratins are a family of proteins with at least 30 different types (some _____, others _____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many of the keratins are formed into _____ that span the cell attaching to _____ in the cytoplasmic membrane. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments
desmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion |
|
|
Term
The presence of keratins in cells is a marker of _____ origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Layers (strata) of keratinocytes in the epidermis: ______. |
|
Definition
1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum spinosum 4. Stratum basale |
|
|
Term
stratum basale of keratinocytes has _____ shaped cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most of the stratum basale are ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stratum basale produces ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stratum basale makes ______ that attach epidermis to dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stratum basale contains a few melanocytes and ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is cell division occurring in the stratum basale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is cell division occurring in the Stratum Spinosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratum Spinosum produces ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Stratum Spinosum ______ hold cells together giving it a spiny appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratum Spinosum cells produce lamellar granules that have a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratum Granulosum has _____ granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does cell division occur in the Stratum Granulosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Stratum Granulosum has ____ keratins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do Keratinocytes begin to undergo apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Stratum Corneum cells are _____ shaped & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Stratum Corneum, lipid from ______ are released creating a waterbarrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the lamellar granules produced that release their lipid contents into the Stratum Corneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ occurs at the surface of the Stratum Corneum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layers of Keratinocytes produce keratins? |
|
Definition
strata basale, spinosum and granulosum |
|
|
Term
What Keratinocytes produce filaggrin and store it in granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keratinocytes die and ____ crosslinks keratin molecules together giving strength to the stratum corneum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At death, keratinocytes also release the _____ granules allowing lipids to form a hydrophobic shield helping the skin retain moisture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer does not produce keratins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes are Derived from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes cell bodies are where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes Produce _____ and package it in membrane-bound vesicles called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanosomes are released and then endocytosed by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanosomes are released and then endocytosed by keratinocytes. The melanin is released and then becomes located where? |
|
Definition
on the "sunny side" of the keratinocyte nucleus. |
|
|
Term
Melanin protects against ____ & gives skin its _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes-________ unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All people have about the same number of ______. (with respect to melanin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All people have about the same number of melanocytes. The difference in color among individuals is the _____ as well as the ______. |
|
Definition
size and number of melanosomes
type of melanin |
|
|
Term
Melanocytes-keratinocyte unit uses ____crine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Melanocytes-keratinocyte unit, UV light is adsorbed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces alpha MSH. alpha MSH is then adsorbed by ______, causing it to _______. |
|
Definition
melanocytes
Release melanosomes filled with melanin |
|
|
Term
After being exposed to UV light, the Keratinocyte then produces alpha MSH. alpha MSH is then adsorbed by melanocytes, causing it to release melanosomes filled with melanin. The melanosomes then travel to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dopa & Dopaquinone are produced from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dopa & Dopaquinone can be converted into ______ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pheomelanin gives rise to _____ colors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eumelanin gives rise to ____ colors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RDS for Melanin biosynthesis? |
|
Definition
Tyrosine to Dopa & Dopaquinone by tyrosinase |
|
|
Term
Malignant Melanoma is cancer of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Vitamin D Biosynthesis 7-dehydrocholesterol, made by _______ in the _____ stratas is converted into ______, which will eventually become vitamin D, by UVB light. |
|
Definition
keratinocytes
in basale and spinosum
Cholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
Merkel cells are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Merkel cells are connected to _____ that enter the _____ forming a Merkel cell corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Merkel cells provide _______. |
|
Definition
provide light pressure and touch sensation. |
|
|
Term
Langerhans cells bind and chemically modify _____ in skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Langerhans cells migrate to _____ via _____. |
|
Definition
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
Langerhans cells that have left the epidermis and have migrated to the lymph nodes then interact with _____ in the lymph node signaling them to ______ specific to _______. |
|
Definition
lymphocytes
proliferate into a clone of cells
the antigen they found in the skin. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following cells has the most melanin? 1. Merkel cell 2. Keratinocyte 3. Melanocyte 4. Langerhans cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Dermis is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Dermis contains few cells but much ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Dermis is highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Dermis is divided into two regions: _____. |
|
Definition
papillary region
reticular region |
|
|
Term
The reticular region of the dermis conveys ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The papillary region of the dermis conveys ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of Sweat glands: _______. |
|
Definition
1. Merocrine (eccrine) 2. Apocrine (Really secretes by merocrine also) |
|
|
Term
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands produce a watery sweat that _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Apocrine sweat glands open into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Apocrine sweat glands open into hair follicles primarily in _____ where the secretion is watery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specialized apocrine glands sweat glands also found in eyelids and ear canal where they produce a waxy secretion (______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which sweat gland can reabsorb sweat and therefore salt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands act in salt retention under the control of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stains darker in an Apocrine Sweat Gland, the Gland or Duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many cells thick is the Apocrine Sweat Gland Duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many cells thick is the Apocrine Sweat Gland itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sebaceous glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
Holocrine secretion (entire cell contributes to secretion). |
|
|
Term
Sebaceous glands are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sweat Glands are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sebaceous glands has a short duct which empties into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sebaceous glands are located near? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sebaceous glands look like they have ____ in their lumens. |
|
Definition
fat cells (don't actually duh) |
|
|
Term
Meisner's corpuscle are located where? |
|
Definition
Papillary region of dermis |
|
|
Term
Hypodermis has ______ corpuscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pacinian corpuscles sense ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hypodermis contains some ____ glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hypodermis is composed of mainly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thin skin possesses _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick skin possesses ______. |
|
Definition
Many sweat glands and NO hair. |
|
|
Term
Thick skin is found where? |
|
Definition
found on palms of hands and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
Thick skin is ____mm or more thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The skin is selectively soluble to: ______. |
|
Definition
fat-soluble substances such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens. |
|
|
Term
Patches use the Selectively Permeable character of skin to hydrophobic substances (fat soluble vitamins and steroids) to deliver ________. |
|
Definition
estrogen, scopolamine (motion sickness), nitroglycerin (heart problems), and nicotine (for those trying to quit smoking). |
|
|
Term
In the Aging of Skin the dermis of the skin is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ageing of Skin results in decreased ______ & ______ contents. |
|
Definition
decreased collagen and elastic fibers (fragility) |
|
|
Term
Ageing of Skin results in a reduction of the ______ (~ 50%) and decreased ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
photoaging is sun damage from UV_. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
strong attachment of basal layer of epidermis to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hair is formed in the hair follicle by cells in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Melanocytes add _____ to the hair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The growth phase of hair can last from _____ to ____ in duration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After the growth phase of hair has ceased the hair follicle then _______. |
|
Definition
shuts down and the hair is released/shed. |
|
|
Term
After the hair follicle has shed, it then _____. |
|
Definition
rests for a few months, and then growth resumes to produce a new hair. |
|
|
Term
What dictates length of hair? |
|
Definition
Length of the hair growth cycle |
|
|
Term
Eyelashes grow for ____ in duration and hair on the scalp grows for _____ in duration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The _____ of the hair follicle is where vessels and nerves can be found. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The nail plate is produced by cells in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nail plate slides along the _____ of the finger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nail plate is hard because of presence of proteins with high _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
sulfur content and calcium salts. |
|
|
Term
the ducts of sweat glands are ____ in structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphatic organs/tissues types: _______. |
|
Definition
Thymus Lymph nodes Nonencapsulated nodules Spleen |
|
|
Term
What lymphatics tissues/organs are encapsualted? |
|
Definition
All but Nonencapsulated nodules,
basically Thymus, Lymph nodes, Spleen |
|
|
Term
Which lymphatic tissue/organ is not a site of action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are Tcells produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thymus Functions in the _____ & ____ of T cells. |
|
Definition
Differentiation and proliferation |
|
|
Term
Which lymphatic tissue/gland is partitioned into lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lobules of the Thymus have a _______ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differentiating T cells Epithelioreticular cells |
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells produce factors that regulate _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells are found in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ cells are found in the Cortex of the lobules of the Thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells induce _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
proliferation and differentiation |
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells in the thymus can differentiate T Cells into: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After CD8 cells have come in contact with an antigen presenting cell they can become: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CD8 Cytotoxic T cells do what? |
|
Definition
kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells and grafts |
|
|
Term
After CD4 cells have come in contact with an antigen presenting cell they can become: ______. |
|
Definition
Regulatory T Cells
CD4 Helper Cells |
|
|
Term
CD4 Helper Cells do what? |
|
Definition
Stimulate B cells/plasma cells to make antibodies. |
|
|
Term
Regulatory T Cells do what? |
|
Definition
are involved in tolerance to self-antigens. |
|
|
Term
Regulatory T Cells aka (_______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CD4 and CD8 T cells enter blood and migrate to sites where immune cells are needed to mount _____ & _____ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the T cell contacts a foreign antigen presented by a ____ or _____, it can _______. |
|
Definition
dendritic cell or macrophage
differentiate further (Into CD4 and CD8) |
|
|
Term
What cells are killed by the AIDS virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte enters thymus from bone marrow by binding ____ on endothelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After the Naive Lymphocyte has entered the cortex, Thymosin, IL-7 and other factors from _______ cause lymphocytes to proliferate and express T cell receptors and _______; and are now called ________. |
|
Definition
epithelioreticular cells
the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors
double positive T cells. |
|
|
Term
Where are developing T cells presented with antigens? |
|
Definition
In the Medulla and Cortex of the Thymus |
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells interact with the _______ T cells by presenting self antigens. This causes them to _______. |
|
Definition
double positive
express only one of the coreceptors |
|
|
Term
Epithelioreticular cells interact with the double positive T cells by presenting self antigens. This causes them to express only one of the coreceptors. Those cells that fail to interact ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T cells migrate to the medulla and are again presented with ______ by epithelioreticular cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Thymus has ______ corpuscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are Hassall’s Corpuscles found in the Thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hassall’s Corpuscle are a concentrated site of ______ cells that induce T cell differentiation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Because the thymus is focused on T cell production rather than being a site of immune ______, it restricts _____ from contacting the maturing lymphocytes by the _________. |
|
Definition
reactions
antigens
Blood-Thymus Barrier |
|
|
Term
Components of the Blood-Thymus Barrier of the Thymus: ________. |
|
Definition
Epithelioreticular cells, macrophages, and endothelium of capillaries |
|
|
Term
Lymph Nodes have a Capsule and trabeculae made of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymph Nodes have numerous _______ to which the cells are attached. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two major subdivisions of the Lymph Node: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Cortex of Lymph Nodes is composed of _____ of lymphocytes and lymphatic sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medulla of Lymph Nodes is composed of _____ of lymphocytes and lymphatic sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymph Nodes function to filter lymph and ______ to lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the lymph node, antigen presenting cells trap antigens and then present antigens to ______ that then become activated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The dendritic cells that present the antigens to the B lymphocytes in the lymph node caan be where? |
|
Definition
in the lymph node
or they can trap antigen in another organ and then migrate to the lymph node to interact with lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
Activated B cells proliferate creating a ____ of cells _____ to the antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Activated B cells proliferate creating a clone of cells specific to the antigen. This group of cells is called a "_____". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Activated B cells proliferate creating a clone of cells specific to the antigen. This group of cells is called a "germinal center". The lymphocytes then migrate into the ________ and become ________. |
|
Definition
medullary cords
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
Plasma cells can leave the _____ from Thymus and travel in the lymph to other nodes and ultimately to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells can leave the cords from Thymus and travel in the lymph to other nodes and ultimately to the blood. They can leave the blood and enter _____ and continue to produce ______. |
|
Definition
peripheral connective tissues
antibody |
|
|
Term
*Some B cells migrate into the edge of the germinal center ("mantel" or "corona") where they become _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B cells/plasma cells require interactions with ________ for antibody production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T cells reside where in the Lymph Nodes? |
|
Definition
T cells reside in a zone between the cortex and the medulla. |
|
|
Term
B cell activation and production of ______. |
|
Definition
B cell activation and production of germinal center |
|
|
Term
Activated _ cells divide to produce a clone of cells that is the germinal center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some B-cells become ______ after antigen exposure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers are found where in the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes via the _______ and exit via the _______. |
|
Definition
postcapillary venules
lymph fluid |
|
|
Term
_____ is the site where lymphocytes leave the blood vascular system and enter the node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nodules are found in what layer of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nonencapsulated Nodules are commonly found in the _____ of the respiratory and digestive systems, but other places too. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nonencapsulated Nodules are primarily clusters of _____ with ______. |
|
Definition
lymphocytes
germinal centers |
|
|
Term
_______- Although commonly called nonencapsulated nodules they do have a partial capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The spleen performs two very different functions: __________. |
|
Definition
• Filters blood and produces antibodies to antigens in blood. • Removal of old red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
white pulp is made up of a _____ and _____ and sometimes _____. |
|
Definition
artery and PALS
germinal center |
|
|
Term
Germinal center sometimes called a _______ in the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the spleen, antigens come from the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood enters the artery as a _____ and leaves a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PALS are a sheath of _______ with a few ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nodules are found in what layer of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PALS are found around _____ in spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two Parts of the Respiratory Tube: _____. |
|
Definition
Conducting portion & Respiratory portion |
|
|
Term
Conducting portion of the Respiratory Tube spans from ______ to _____. |
|
Definition
nasal opening to the terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
Respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube spans from ______ to _____. |
|
Definition
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
|
|
Term
Respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube functions in ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
gas exchange
filtering air |
|
|
Term
Conducting portion ______ & _____ the air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conducting portion filters the air by using ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
olfaction (smell) phonation (speech) are accomplished by the ______ portion of the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conducting Portion of the respiratory is lined primarily by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
respiratory epithelium is composed of ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion is composed: _______. |
|
Definition
- ciliated columnar cells - goblet cells - brush cells (sensory) - basal cells (stem cells) - small granule cell (paracrine/DNES cells). Sometimes called Kulchitsky cells. |
|
|
Term
The basal cells of the respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion function as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The brush cells of the respiratory epithelium of the conducting portion function in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two Parts of the Nasal Cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity is lined by ________ epithelium at opening then transitions to ________ epithelium inwardly. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous keratinized
respiratory |
|
|
Term
Fossae of the Nasal Cavity are two chambers within skull lined primarily by ______ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Fossae of the Nasal Cavity has two Specialized regions: _______. |
|
Definition
Swell bodies
Olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
Cells of olfactory epithelium are found on the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What Cells of olfactory epithelium Secrete odorant binding proteins that deliver odorant to receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Supporting cells are _____ shaped cells with microvilli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ are Odorant receptors on cilia of the Cells of the olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Olfactory bipolar cells receptors detect more than ____ type of odorant and are _____ type of receptors.coupled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When an Odorant binds a Olfactory bipolar cells Odorant receptor _____ & _____ levels increase causing ________. |
|
Definition
cAMP and sodium
depolarization |
|
|
Term
Basal cells are round _______ cells on the ______ of Cells of olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Brush cells are microvilli have _____ function for Cells of olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ glands are found under olfactory epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bowman’s glands produce a serous (watery) secretion to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells of olfactory epithelium contain: ______ cells |
|
Definition
Supporting cells Olfactory bipolar cells Basal cells Brush cells |
|
|
Term
Paranasal Sinuses are blind cavities in the facial bones that are lined by ________. |
|
Definition
thin respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
Both nasopharynx and oropharynx of the Pharynx are lined are with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Larynx the Epiglottis and vocal folds are covered with _______ and the rest is covered by _________. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
The Trachea and Bronchi are lined with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Both nasopharynx and oropharynx of the Pharynx are lined are with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuroepithelial Bodies are found mostly in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neuroepithelial Bodies, mostly found in the bronchi, are clusters of _____ cells that release factors that regulate _______. |
|
Definition
small granule
blood flow to the alveoli |
|
|
Term
Does an Intrapulmonary have hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Bronchioles have cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proximal bronchioles characteristics: _____ |
|
Definition
respiratory epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
No cartilage |
|
|
Term
Terminal bronchioles characteristics: _____ |
|
Definition
Simple cuboidal with cilia but no goblet cells.
No cartilage |
|
|
Term
_______ stimulation decreases the diameter and _____ stimulation increases diameter of the terminal bronchioles. |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic
sympathetic |
|
|
Term
_____ is the beginning of the respiratory portion of the Respiratory Tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Characteristic of Respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
Simple cuboidal, Aveloi are present (Starting to develop from the tube), no goblet cells, no cartilage NO CILIA |
|
|
Term
_____ Cells are Stem cells in the bronchioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Clara Cells function in the bronchioles to ______ from surface fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Clara Cells in the bronchioles Secrete a _____ that cleaves the surface protein “_____” of ______ thereby activating it to cause the symptoms of the flu. |
|
Definition
tryptase
hemagglutinin
influenza A |
|
|
Term
Clara Cells Secrete _____ that can be used as a marker for lung injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Order of the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
Proximal -> Terminal -> Respiratory |
|
|
Term
Respiratory bronchioles give rise to _____, which give rise to _____. |
|
Definition
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs |
|
|
Term
____ is the site of gas exchange between blood and air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Blood air barrier is ___ thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Blood air barrier is made up of Type ______ alveolar cells, the _____ of capillaries, and the ______. |
|
Definition
Type I alveolar cell
Endothelium
Fused basal lamina |
|
|
Term
Type I alveolar cell are a ____ shaped cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I alveolar cells make up ___% of the alveolar surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type II alveolar cells produce ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ alveolar cells are stem cells for type I and II cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Other than Type I and Type II alveolar cells, what other two cell types are present in an Alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts in the Alveolus secrete ____ under the regulation of parathyroid-like peptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts in the Alveolus secrete leptin, which does what? |
|
Definition
stimulates type II cells to produce surfactant. |
|
|
Term
Macrophages do what in the alveoli? |
|
Definition
eliminate particles in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
Where does cartilage stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
bronchi are last to have them |
|
|
Term
Where do goblet cells stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
proximal bronchi are the last to have them |
|
|
Term
Where does Cilia stop in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
Terminal bronchi are the last to have them |
|
|
Term
Where are Clara Cells found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are macrophages, Type I, and Type II alveolar cells found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts/ Sacs |
|
|
Term
Where is smooth muscle found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
Everywhere but in the Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
Where are Alveoli found in the respiratory tube? |
|
Definition
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts/ Sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
Epithelium of Proximal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium of Terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium of Respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium of Alveolar ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium of Alveolar sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
COPD is common in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smoking causes an increase in ______ cells that secrete chemo-attractants for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neutrophils attracted by the increased present of macrophages brought by smoking, enter the lungs and secrete ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smoking inhibits ____ (from the liver) that normally cleaves and eliminates elastase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The end result of smoking with respect to the increase levels of elastase and decreased activity of a1-antitrypsin is ______. |
|
Definition
Decreased elastiticity of the alveolus |
|
|
Term
In Asthma Allergens occasionally cross _____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Asthma Allergens that occasionally cross bronchial epithelium, bind to ______ and they releases histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors for other _______. |
|
Definition
mast cells (IgE)
leukocytes |
|
|
Term
In Asthma the Lymphocytes attracted by the chemotactic factors of the mast cells (IgE) enter the lungs and release ____ that causes contraction of smooth muscle at the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma arises in the epithelium of the _______ of the respiratory tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large cell carcinoma is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adenocarcinoma arise primarily from the ____ in the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small cell carcinomas (aka _____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small cell carcinomas (oat cell) are ___ in origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small cell carcinomas (oat cell) are most common in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 types of Non-small cell carcinomas of the respiratory tube: _______. |
|
Definition
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
Components of the URINARY SYSTEM: ________. |
|
Definition
1. Kidneys 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra |
|
|
Term
URINARY SYSTEM functions in ______, removal of metabolic waste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
URINARY SYSTEM functions in Conservation, _____ balance, and ______ balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the URINARY SYSTEM, the Endocrine functions in the secretion of ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
renin secreted by the urinary system functions in _____ regulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
erythropoietin secreted by the urinary system functions in _____ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the four major divisons of the Kidneys? |
|
Definition
Hilus Renal Sinus Cortex Medulla |
|
|
Term
The ____ of the kidneys is a depression on the medial border through which the renal artery, vein and ureter pass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Renal Sinus of the kidneys is a cavity that opens at the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Renal Sinus of the kidney contains: _______. |
|
Definition
- renal pelvis - major and minor calyces - branches of the renal artery, vein and nerves - loose connective tissue and fat |
|
|
Term
The Cortex of the kidney contains: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
renal corpuscles of the cortex of the kidney are subdivided into: ______ |
|
Definition
- outer cortical area - renal columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medulla (medullary pyramids) Contains:_______ |
|
Definition
loops of Henle, collecting ducts, and tubules. |
|
|
Term
Some of the tubules typically found in the medulla of the kidney sometimes “streak” up into the cortex as “_______". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ are the functional unit of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What makes up an Uriniferous tubule? |
|
Definition
Nephron Collecting tubule Collecting duct |
|
|
Term
_______ feeds into the ureter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What feeds blood into the Renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Through what does the blood flow out of the Renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glomerulus contains a capillary, which is layered by ______. |
|
Definition
the Visceral layer (Podocytes) of a Bowman’s Capsule. |
|
|
Term
Where are the Renal corpuscles found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A glomerulus is contained within a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
podocytes surround _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In between capillary's enothelium and the visceral (podocyte) layer of the bowman's capsule lies _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of capillary is found in a glomerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What forms the filtartion slits in the glomerus? |
|
Definition
spaces in between the podocyte processes |
|
|
Term
What type of collagen is the basement membrane of the glomerus composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule is located where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
65% Na and H2O 100% glucose amino acids Vit C |
|
|
Term
What is expelled into the kindey from the capillary? |
|
Definition
H+, creatinine, & contrast medium, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
_______ can be used to illuminate the kidneys and ureters for Xrays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Main structural difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
Proximal tubule has microvilli |
|
|
Term
What side are the microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubule facing? |
|
Definition
the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
What side are the Mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubule facing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where in the kidney is Loop of Henle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of epithlium lines the thin loop of henle? |
|
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to create a ______ in the renal pyramid (countercurrent multiplier system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are there microvilli in the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The high salt environment created by the loop of henle helps ____ water from the collecting tubules thereby concentrating the urine and saving water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The tubules have a ______ eptihlium in the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where can the Distal Convoluted Tubule be found in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are Distal convoluted tubule ciliated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is reabsorbed in the Distal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is exrected from the capillary into the Distal Convoluted Tubule? |
|
Definition
Ammonia, urea, creatinine, and hydrogen ion. |
|
|
Term
Collecting Tubule is found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collecting duct is found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cells make up the collecting ducts/ tubules of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
Principal cell
Intercalated cell |
|
|
Term
_______ is the site of hormonal regulation in the collecting ducts/ tubules for the reabsorption of water and Na+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intercalated cells of the collecting ducts/ tubules facilitate the exchange of _____ from the capillary into the lumen of the duct in exchange for the reabsorption of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone causes water to be reabsorbed back into the capillaries from the collecting ducts/ tubules through the principal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone causes Na+ to be reabsorbed back into the capillaries from the collecting ducts/ tubules through the principal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two hormones that principal cells respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collecting Tubule/Duct are found where in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Afferent/ Efferent arterioles are found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vasa recti are found where in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vasa recti function in the return of ____ & ______ back to the circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ arterioles give rise to Vasa recti. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Senses fluid and signals JG cells |
|
|
Term
JG Cells are found in the _____ of the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
JG Cells secrete ____ that converts _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
renin
angiotensinogin
angiotensin I |
|
|
Term
_______ produce ____ converting enzyme that converts AI to AII |
|
Definition
Capillaries in the lung and other organs
angiotensin |
|
|
Term
AII stimulates the _____ to release _____ that causes reabsorption of sodium. |
|
Definition
adrenal cortex
aldosterone |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic nervous system _____ urinary output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ureter is lined by ____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beneath the transitional epithelium of the ureters lies a sleeve of _____ connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beneath the transitional epithelium of the ureters lies a sleeve of loose connective tissue. Outside this sleeve are _______. |
|
Definition
two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, outer circular). |
|
|
Term
randomly arranged layers of smooth muscle of the bladder are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The tongue is composed of ___ muscle running in all 3 planes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Tongue is covered ______ epithelium that is modified into surface specializations called papillae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of papillae: ______. |
|
Definition
circumvallate fungiform filiform foliate |
|
|
Term
Which papilla are taste buds concentrated within? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taste buds are ____“organs” concentrated on the _____ of the tongue and also located throughout the oral cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can taste bud regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal life cycle of taste buds is to be replace every _____ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taste buds can detect only _ tastes: ______. |
|
Definition
5
bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (MSG) |
|
|
Term
The receptor mechanisms of taste buds result in _____ of the receptor cell resulting in the release of neurotransmitters that activate dendrites of nerves that synapse with the taste cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sensory cell of a taste bad is aka (______ cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sensory cells (neuroepithelial cell) of taste buds are flanked by ______ cells of the taste bud also. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Odontoblast processes are in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the Odontoblast nuclei found? |
|
Definition
In the pulp cavity (Center of the tooth) |
|
|
Term
What holds the tooth in its socket? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Salivary Glands (two types): ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which salivary glands are constantly secreting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the Small Salivary glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Salivary Glands secrete when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The three Large Salivary Glands: _______. |
|
Definition
a. parotid b. submandibular gland c. sublingual gland |
|
|
Term
______, _____, _____, and ______ are present in saliva to kill the bacteria. |
|
Definition
lysozyme, IgA, peroxidase, and lactoferrin |
|
|
Term
Amylase function in saliva is for ______. |
|
Definition
digestion of carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
Amylase is secreted from which gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some proteins in the saliva aggregate to form a protective layer over the ____ called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ionic composition of the saliva fluid is regulated by _____ from the _____ gland that acts on the ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glands can be composed of ____-staining cells that secrete mucus and/or _____-stained cells that secrete a more watery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parotid gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sublingual gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Submandibular gland is made up of ducts and _____ under LM. |
|
Definition
Mucous acini and Serous acini |
|
|
Term
Serous demilunes are ______ seen in _____ glands. |
|
Definition
an artifact of tissue preparation
Submandibular |
|
|
Term
Does saliva contain antibiotic substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Layers of the guy tube: ______. |
|
Definition
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externus |
|
|
Term
What makes of the mucosa of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
The Muscularis externus of the gut tube has ____ layers. |
|
Definition
Inner circular Outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
Are their crypts or Villus in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are their crypts or Villus in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are their crypts or Villus in the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are their crypts or Villus in the Colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Esophagus Epithelium is _______. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous nonkeratinized |
|
|
Term
Other than the esophagus the Epithelium of the gut tube is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiac glands in the ______ of the esophagus secrete mucus (near attachment of the esophagus to the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Esophageal glands in _____ of the esophagus secrete mucus and serous secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscularis externus of the esophagus is _____ in composition? (Not layers) |
|
Definition
a. upper one-third - striated muscle b. middle one-third smooth & striated c. lower one-third smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
epithelium of the stomach is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the mucosa of the stomach, the lamina propria contains ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Stomach muscularis externus has _ layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5 types of Gastric glands: _______. |
|
Definition
mucous cells chief cells parietal cells enteroendocrine cells stem cells |
|
|
Term
mucous cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chief cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parietal cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
secrete HCl & intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands of the stomach do what? |
|
Definition
DNES cells that secrete a variety of paracrine and endocrine factors. For example, gastrin stimulates HCl production. |
|
|
Term
Gastric glands of the stomach are regulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
psychic factors, direct food contact and hormones. |
|
|
Term
surface expansion of the SI is accompished by way of: _______. |
|
Definition
plicae circulares, villi and microvilli |
|
|
Term
What layers are pinched up in the plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
submucosa muscularis mucosa lamina propria epithelium |
|
|
Term
what is the outermost layer of the gut tube past the muscularis externus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are projected off the plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Main characteristic of SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium is comprised of _____ absorptive cells that have abundant microvilli in the SI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ cells (stained reddish) can be found in the base of the crypts in the SI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regional specializations of the SI? |
|
Definition
Brunners glands in duodenum Plicae circulares in jejunem Peyer's patches in ileum |
|
|
Term
Brunners glands in _____ secrete an ______ to neutralize. |
|
Definition
duodenum
alkaline solution |
|
|
Term
Plicae circulares are found in the _______ and their function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peyer's patches are found in the ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
ileum
are concentrations of lymphocytes and other immune cells |
|
|
Term
What layer of the gut tube are brunners glands found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ of epithelium interact with Peyer's Patch lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
M cells function by ______. |
|
Definition
Taking antigens from the lumen of the SI and giving them to Antigen Presenting Cells to present to lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
M cells are found what layer of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peyer's Patch transfer _____ across the epithelium of the SI to interact with the antigens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the villus _____ of the lymphatics system can be found in the lamina propria to collect chylomicrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the lymphatic vessels found around the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large Intestine epithelium is _______ with ____ cells interspersed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where are lymphatic nodules found in the LI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externus forms the ______ of the LI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thickenings of the outerlongitunial muscle layer of the muscularis externus in the LI |
|
|
Term
Appendix is similar to colon but obviously much ______ and has more ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The GI track receives _______ input to smooth muscle and glands. |
|
Definition
both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
For most systems of the GI track, ______ stimulate and _____ inhibit. |
|
Definition
parasympathetics
sympathetics |
|
|
Term
For the GI Tract the cell bodies of the _______ fibers and associated interneurons can be seen in clusters called "ganglia". |
|
Definition
parasympathetic postganglionic |
|
|
Term
In the muscularis externus the parasympathetic postganglionic ganglia are called the _____ plexus and in the submucosa they are called the _____ plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The gut can function in the absence of connections to the CNS and therefore, the nervous system within the gut is sometimes classified as the "____ nervous system". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocyte synthesizes a wide variety of _______ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocyte secrete _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes store _____ & ____. |
|
Definition
glycogen and triglycerides |
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes degrade ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes degrade chylomicrons into: ________ . |
|
Definition
cholesterol, phospholipids & ketone bodies. |
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes form _______ through genesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes detoxifies many drugs and toxins by _____, _____, and ______ in the _____. |
|
Definition
oxidation, methylation and conjugation
SER |
|
|
Term
Can heaptocytes regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes can become enlarged, and store _____ in cirrhosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What feed into a hepatic sinusoid? |
|
Definition
Branch of Portal v & Branch of Hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
Hepatic Sinusoid feeds into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatocytes line the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is greater in blood flow, the branch of the hepatic artery or the portal vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Portal System is two ______ connected by a _______. |
|
Definition
capillary beds
vein (portal vein) |
|
|
Term
Other than hepatocytes what are three cells of the liver? |
|
Definition
Kupffer cells Stellate cells (Ito) NK cells (Pit cells) |
|
|
Term
Kupffer cells are ______ that wander around on the surface of the endothelial lining of the _______, doing what? |
|
Definition
macrophages
hepatic sinusoids
phagocytosing foreign material |
|
|
Term
Kupffer cells phagocytose foreign material & also engulf _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stellate cells (Ito) are cells of the liver that? |
|
Definition
store fat and vitamin A in large amounts. |
|
|
Term
Stellate cells (Ito) are involved in what disease process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stellate cells (Ito) can aid in the causation of cirrhosis of the liver, because they are important in producing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stellate cells (Ito) are found where in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the space of Disse? |
|
Definition
Between the enothelial lining of the hepatic Sinusoid and the row of neighboring Hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
NK cells (Pit cells) function as what in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stellate cells aka (____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what direction does lymph flow? |
|
Definition
Away from the central vein (opposite direction as blood) in the ECM to a lymphatic vessel |
|
|
Term
In what direction does bile flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does bile flow into from the Hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lies at the center of a classic lobule organization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Under LM what is the largest of the portal triad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What makes up the portal triad? |
|
Definition
Bile Duct portal Vein Hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
The bile duct epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The bile flows from hepatocytes through the ______ to the bile duct. |
|
Definition
Bile Canaliculus in between heaptocytes |
|
|
Term
Gall Bladder Stores ____ of bile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gall Bladder has a _____ mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gall Bladder contraction is stimulated by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ stimulates CCK production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cell in the Duodenum produces CCK in responds to detection of fatty foods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acini cell types of the Exocrine pancreas: ______. |
|
Definition
serous cell centroacinar cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen carboxypeptidase, ribonuclease deoxyribonuclease, elastase, amylase, and others |
|
|
Term
centroacinar cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
serous cell secrete in response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
centroacinar cells secrete in response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ cells of the _______ produce secretin. |
|
Definition
Enteroendocrine cells
Duodenum |
|
|
Term
________ cells of the _______ produce CCk. |
|
Definition
Enteroendocrine cells
Duodenum |
|
|
Term
LM of Pancreas show clusers of ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
Acini and Islet of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
In the Pancreas the acinus stains _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Pancreas the centroacinar cells stains _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ ARE THE SIGNALING CELLS OF THE NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NERVE TISSUE CONTAINS TWO DISTINCT CELL TYPES: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurons communicate with other neurons, ______, ______, or _____ cells. |
|
Definition
muscle, gland or fat cells |
|
|
Term
Information is transmitted by neurons via _____ & _____ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adult neurons do not ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mature neurons that die are not _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell body ______ and integrates information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell membrane functionally important of the Cell body, because it is selectively permeable to certain ions, allowing it to be _____ excitable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Processes of a neuron consist of _____ axon and _____ dendrites that are structurally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yes, Dendrite end and Axon end |
|
|
Term
Axons are tube-like processes specialized to _____ information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hillock, initial segment, axolemma, terminals |
|
|
Term
_____ AXONS ARE MYELINATED, OTHERS ARE ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelinated axons are wrapped with compact _____ membranes in a _____ fashion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelin is composed mostly of ______, and is therefore predominantly ______, which gives a white appearance to freshly cut nerve tissue and engendering the term ‘white matter’. |
|
Definition
cell membranes phospholipid |
|
|
Term
Myelin is produced by ______ in PNS and by ______ in CNS. |
|
Definition
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
Myelin insulates axons, provides faster (_______) conduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does saltatory conduction occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myelin stains well with _____ stains such as _____, useful in distinguishing white matter from gray matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are Nodes of Ranvier? |
|
Definition
are spaces or gaps between 2 adjacent segments of myelin on an axon |
|
|
Term
Unmyelinated nerves 'sit' in an _______, but there is no ______. |
|
Definition
indentation/pocket of a Schwann cell membrane
compact wrapping of glial membranes |
|
|
Term
Unmyelinated axons transmit action potentials (signals) more _____ than do myelinated axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Nucleus of neurons is filled with Euchromatin or Heterochromatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleolus in neurons gives a _____ characteristic appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleolus of neurons stain strongly with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nissl bodies in neurons are Nissl substance, _____, and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nissl bodies responsible for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ stain strongly with basic dyes, the basis of ‘Nissl’ stains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nissl bodies are present in ______ & ______, but absent from _____. |
|
Definition
somas and proximal dendrites
axons |
|
|
Term
Smooth ER of a neuron is continuous with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth ER of a neuron helps to regulate ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Cytoskeleton of a neuron is composed of 3 distinct organelles: ______. |
|
Definition
Neurotubules Neurofilaments Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotubules are found where in the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotubules are aligned ______ in axons and dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotubules are stabilized by _______. |
|
Definition
microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) |
|
|
Term
Neurotubules function in ______ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurofilaments are a biochemically distinct class of _______ in neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurofilaments are aligned ______ in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurofilaments are abundant in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurofilaments are _____ in stability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurofilaments are very stable, function in maintaining the ______. |
|
Definition
caliber of large-diameter neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microfilaments forms a meshwork where in nerve cells? |
|
Definition
under the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
Microfilaments are present throughout the neuron, but abundant in _______. |
|
Definition
axon terminals and growth cones |
|
|
Term
Microfilaments function in _____ transport and ______ of processes (axonal pathfinding). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anaerobic or Aerobic metabolism in neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vesicles are Abundant in ______ of neurons, they are termed. |
|
Definition
axon terminals
synaptic vesicles |
|
|
Term
_______ granules accumulate in aging neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most neurons in CNS are _____polar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
motoneurons are _____polar and located in the _____ horn of spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In PNS Multipolar neurons are neurons in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons are mostly in _____NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons have a 'T' shaped process with one branch going to ______ in the periphery, the other process synapses in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neuron cell bodies are in _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cranial ganglia. |
|
|
Term
Bipolar have ____ processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bipolar are mostly located in ______. |
|
Definition
special sense organs such as eye and ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Axon transport requires intact _____ & _____ of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
microtubules and microfilaments |
|
|
Term
Molecular motors of Axonal Transport: kinesin in _____grade and dynein in _____grade direction (for long-distance transport on ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In axonal transport various _____ motor proteins are used for local trafficking on ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterograde axonal transport carries from ______ to _______. |
|
Definition
neuron cell body to axon terminal |
|
|
Term
Retrograde axonal transport carries from ______ to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In humans, synapses are usually _____, occasionally ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotransmitters are _____ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotransmitters (chemical signals) are released by ______ at synapses when an _______ passes down axon to terminal. |
|
Definition
exocytosis
action potential |
|
|
Term
Neurotransmitters cross synaptic gap and alter ______ of post-synaptic cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EM Characteristics of Chemical Synapse: ______ |
|
Definition
1. Presynaptic component (axon terminal). 2. Synaptic cleft. 3. Postsynaptic component (another neuron, muscle, gland or fat cell). |
|
|
Term
_______ ARE THE SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
More glial cells or neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are larger, glial or neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glia do not ______ action potentials but do have ______ potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glia perform many 'support' functions including _____ formation, structural support, repair of NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mature glia _____ the ability to divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most malignant tumors of the NS are ____ in origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glia cells in PNS: ______. |
|
Definition
Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell)
Satellite cells |
|
|
Term
Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell) functions in _____. |
|
Definition
providing myelin sheaths around nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
Do Schwann Cells or Oligodendrocytes have the ability to mylenate more than one axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ cells function in regeneration in the PNS following injury by providing scaffolding and growth factors for regrowing axons. |
|
Definition
Schwann Cells (neurolemma cell) |
|
|
Term
Satellite cells specialized glial cells found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Satellite cells in the DRG, _____ surround neurons, thus _______. |
|
Definition
Completely
preventing synapses on DRG |
|
|
Term
In ________, the glial ‘capsule’ is incomplete, to allow pre-synaptic nerves to synapse on post-synaptic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells are organized into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tissue are organized into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are 5 tissues: ________. |
|
Definition
Epithelium Connective Tissue Muscle Nerve Lymphatics |
|
|
Term
Epithelium Functions: _______ |
|
Definition
Protection - skin Secretion - endocrine and exocrine cells Sensation - olfactory epithelium Contractility - myoepithelial cells (Mammary Gland) Absorption - intestinal absorptive cells |
|
|
Term
General Characteristics of Epithelia: Cells are _____ together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelia can be derived from: _______ |
|
Definition
endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. |
|
|
Term
Epithelia Produce a thin layer of extracellular matrix called the ______ that remains closely associated with the epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some types of Epithelia can _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some types of Epithelia are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two morphological forms of epithelia: _______ |
|
Definition
Layers of cells that are avascular
Clumps of cells that are very vascular |
|
|
Term
Clumps of epithelia cells that are very vascular, examples: _______. |
|
Definition
endocrine and exocrine cells |
|
|
Term
Layers of epithelia cells that are avascular, examples: _____. |
|
Definition
lining of organs and surface of skin |
|
|
Term
Epithelial Layers Named according to the ________ & _______. |
|
Definition
number of layers
shape of the cells at the surface |
|
|
Term
Simple Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratified Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pseudostratified Epithelial means _______. |
|
Definition
looks like many layers because the nuclei are at different locations (Staggered) |
|
|
Term
Squamous cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cuboidal cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Columnar cells are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Transitional cells are _____. |
|
Definition
spherical when the organ they line is relaxed and flattened when the organ they line is distended |
|
|
Term
Example of Transitional cells is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple squamous are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thyroid has ____ epithelial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratified squamous Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratified columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
Urethra (2 layers of columnar) |
|
|
Term
Stratified cuboidal Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
Ducts of glands (2 layers of cubodial) |
|
|
Term
Pseudostratified columnar Epithelial is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelial is called "______" when it lines vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple Squamous looks like a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lays below the Epithelial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells are neither truly cuboidal nor columnar, but ______ instead |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium all cells _______ but only some _______. |
|
Definition
touch the basal lamina
reach the lumen/free surface |
|
|
Term
Pseudostratified columnar can have ____, _____ and/or _____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a simple layer of Epithelium all the cells must _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basal Lamina composed of ______ that is 20-100 nm thick and is produced by ______, and a few other cell types (muscle, Schwann cells, adipocytes). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two major morphological subdivisions of Basal Lamina: ______. |
|
Definition
lamina densa
lamina lucida |
|
|
Term
_______ epithelium can have keratin or can be nonkeratinized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lamina ______ has collagen as part of its composition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lamina densa is composed of _____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lamina densa is composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans. |
|
|
Term
lamina lucida are _____ of transmembrane proteins that are visible as a ____ area mainly because of fixation artifact (shrinkage). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular lamina has _____ type collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Below the Basal Lamina there is _____ type collagen and then the reticular lamina which is type III collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basal laminae Stains ______ with PAS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The basal lamina is easily seen with the ____ using routine stains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sometimes two adjacent layers of cells will each make a basal lamina. When these two layers are fused it is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functions of the basal lamina (BL) provides a "_______" for the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells attach to the BL by transmembrane proteins called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells attach to the BL by transmembrane proteins called integrins. The integrins attach to _____ molecules in the BL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteins, proteoglycans and GAGs of the basal lamina give kidneys the specialized ability to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteins, proteoglycans and GAGs of the basal lamina can be specialized to cause cells to differentiate and become ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The basal lamina Surrounds and ______ epithelia. This boundary is ignored by ______. |
|
Definition
compartmentalizes
Malignant cells |
|
|
Term
The Lamina lucida is found between _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
Lamina densa and bottom of the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
Basal laminae are _____ not ropes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Basal laminae ______ the Epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polarization of Epithelia by the basal laminae leads to the creation of two domains: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Apical Domain
Basal Domain |
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can be organized into clumps of cells that are highly vascular: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
1. Exocrine glands 2. Endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
Clump Epithelial Cells, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Layered Epithelial, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endocrine and exocrine epithelia are highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine Glands can be ____ celled or comprised of ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine Glands are associated with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine glands secrete by three general modes: ______. |
|
Definition
merocrine apocrine holocrine |
|
|
Term
In merocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
merely the secretion is released |
|
|
Term
In apocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
a part of the cell membrane packages secretion |
|
|
Term
In holocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
whole cell becomes part of the secretion |
|
|
Term
Mammary glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sebaceous glands of skin use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sweat glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Single-cell Exocrine Gland classic example ____ cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Goblet cell is a mucus-secreting cell found primarily in the epithelial lining of the _____ & _____ systems. |
|
Definition
respiratory and digestive |
|
|
Term
Mucin of Goblet Cells is secreted primarily by ____ mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secretion of Mucin by Goblet cells can be stimulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
smoke, cold viruses, COPD, asthma, and acid (e.g. digestive system). |
|
|
Term
Goblet cells have receptors for _____ & _____ that also regulate secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Lamina lucida is found between _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
Lamina densa and bottom of the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
Basal laminae are _____ not ropes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Basal laminae ______ the Epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polarization of Epithelia by the basal laminae leads to the creation of two domains: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Apical Domain
Basal Domain |
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can be organized into clumps of cells that are highly vascular: _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
1. Exocrine glands 2. Endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
Clump Epithelial Cells, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Layered Epithelial, vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endocrine and exocrine epithelia are highly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine Glands can be ____ celled or comprised of ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine Glands are associated with a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine glands secrete by three general modes: ______. |
|
Definition
merocrine apocrine holocrine |
|
|
Term
In merocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
merely the secretion is released |
|
|
Term
In apocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
a part of the cell membrane packages secretion |
|
|
Term
In holocrine secretion by Exocrine glands, ________. |
|
Definition
whole cell becomes part of the secretion |
|
|
Term
Mammary glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sebaceous glands of skin use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sweat glands use _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Single-cell Exocrine Gland classic example ____ cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Goblet cell is a mucus-secreting cell found primarily in the epithelial lining of the _____ & _____ systems. |
|
Definition
respiratory and digestive |
|
|
Term
Mucin of Goblet Cells is secreted primarily by ____ mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secretion of Mucin by Goblet cells can be stimulated by: ________. |
|
Definition
smoke, cold viruses, COPD, asthma, and acid (e.g. digestive system). |
|
|
Term
Goblet cells have receptors for _____ & _____ that also regulate secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple Multicellular Exocrine Glands have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
COMPOUND Multicellular Exocrine Glands have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells of the ducts are different from cells of the _____ and can have functional and pathological importance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are both the cells of the duct and acinus epithilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ cell often becomes malignant in mammary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ cell becomes malignant in prostate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine glands making a mucous substance will stain _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine glands making a watery substance will stain _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ are commonly described as serous cells that secrete into an acinus that is made of mostly mucous secreting cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All endocrine glands and their functional cells are made by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multicellular Endocrine Glands are Groups of epithelial cells that secrete ______ into ______ without a _______. |
|
Definition
hormones into the blood stream
duct system |
|
|
Term
Paracrine Cells that are Epithelial cells secrete their product into the ______ where it influences ______. |
|
Definition
intercellular space
neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can make paracrine _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All sheets of epithelia have _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells in the ____ & _____ have a more restricted ability to regenerate than epithelial cell layers and with some even completely lacking this ability. |
|
Definition
Exocrine and endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
Renewal rates of Epithelial vary depending upon the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells of the small intestine live about __ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells of skin live about __ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can change structure and function to adapt to a changing ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelial cells can change structure and function to adapt to a changing local environment. This process is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The trachea normally has a _____ epithelium with cilia and ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The trachea of smokers is lined by ________ epithelium instead of pseudostratified, with patches of _______ epithelium and large hyperactive _____ cells. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous
pseudostratified
goblet |
|
|
Term
The changing of a smokers epithelium from pseudostratified to _______ with pseudostratified patches, is an example of ______ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two cell types that are commonly described with epithelia that don't fit into the layer or clump classification are: ______. |
|
Definition
DNES cells Myoepithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System |
|
|
Term
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) Secrete _____ or _______. |
|
Definition
peptide hormones or biogenic amines |
|
|
Term
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) secreted peptide hormones or biogenic amines generally act on cells in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) are also called APUD cells because they take up and ______ ______ precursors |
|
Definition
decarboxylate
amine
(Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) |
|
|
Term
Production of ______ from Tryptophan by amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myoepithelial cells are _____ cells found around the outside of _____ glands causing the acini to ______. |
|
Definition
Contractile
multicellular Exocrine
Contract |
|
|
Term
Myoepithelial cells help multicellular Exocrine to _______, by contracting and squeezing the _____. |
|
Definition
expel secretory products
acini |
|
|
Term
Myoepithelial cells are located between the ______ & _____. |
|
Definition
basal lamina and the acinar cells |
|
|
Term
Myoepithelial cell markers are rarely found in ______ that have become malignant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ is a general term for cancers of epithelial origin (both glandular epithelium and epithelial layers). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some epithelial tumors can be identified by the presence of _____ using immunolocalization techniques. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cancer in _____ is rarely of epithelial origin while 90% of tumors in individuals _____ are epithelial derived. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinocilia means _____ cilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ form a brush border of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microvillar arrays may be ____ with respect to densit, and _____ with respect to order. |
|
Definition
sparse or dense
well-ordered or randomly dispersed |
|
|
Term
Phagcytose uses ____villi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microvillar brush border has a ______ for its coat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stereocilia do not have _____, as seen in LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Microvilli main function is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is longer microvilli or stereocilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stereocilia distribution is very _______. |
|
Definition
restricted (not found in many places) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stereocilia have a core of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Kinocilia (motile cilia) have axonemal cores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ are at the bases of Kinocilia (motile cilia) under the PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kinocilia (motile cilia) need ____ in order to beat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia are found in the ____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia are encased in ______ in the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In addition to axonemes of Kinocilia (motile cilia) found in the respiratory system there are also axonemes in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Different tissue types use different strategies to _____ forces that would disrupt them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ECM _____ mechanical stress and tension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the epithelium mechanical stress is transmitted from ______ to ______, by ______. |
|
Definition
from cell to cell
cytoskeletal filaments anchored to the ecm or by cell-cell adhesions |
|
|
Term
Cell-cell junctions types: _______. |
|
Definition
Zonula occludens Zonula adherens Macula adherens Gap junction |
|
|
Term
Cell-extracellular matrix contacts (Type of Junction) types: ______. |
|
Definition
Focal contacts. Hemidesmosomes. |
|
|
Term
Zonula occludens (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which cell cell junctions encompass the cells and which ones do not? |
|
Definition
Do encompass- Zonula occludens Zonula adherens Do Not Encompass- Macula adherens |
|
|
Term
Most apically oriented junction? |
|
Definition
Zonula Occludens (Tight Junction) |
|
|
Term
Function of z. occludens (tight jct.) is to act as a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The *sealing strands of the intergral membrane proteins _____ & ______ give z. occludens (tight jct.) their characteristic quilt like appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tight Junctions restrict even _____ from passing through to the opposite compartment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The zonula adherens/ occludens are ____-type junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The zonula adherens is a belt-type junction located immediately _______. |
|
Definition
below the zonula occludens |
|
|
Term
The zonula adherens connects to the _____ cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ proteins are the adhering proteins used in zonula adherens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cadherin simply means _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cadherin proteins have long ______ domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cadherin proteins have long extracellular domains that, in the presence of calcium, become ____ and bind _____ to cadherins on neighboring cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When no Ca2+ present, Cadherins cannot _____. |
|
Definition
extend and form connections. |
|
|
Term
Cadherin also have intracellular domains that are not as long that attach to p-120 catenin and _______ and alpha catenin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beta Catenin does what for Cadherin? |
|
Definition
For zonula adherens, beta catenin acts as a linker protein by attaching the transmembrane protein Cadherin on the cytosolic side to the actin filament of its own cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Macula adherens (spot junction) |
|
|
Term
Desmosomes (Macula adherens) serve as cellular “____-welds” to adhere cells to their neighbors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmosomes (Macula adherens) connect to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The plaques of Desmosomes (Macula adherens) are composed of ______. |
|
Definition
Linker proteins that link the cadherins to the cytoskeleton (intermediate filaments here) of the cell |
|
|
Term
The cadherins of Desmosomes (Macula adherens) are: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmosomes are distributed over most of the cell surface in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are Desmosomes located to certain parts of cell junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junctions are not built to ______. |
|
Definition
Adhere one cell to another |
|
|
Term
Gap junctions allow cells to be connected both ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
electrically and metabolically. |
|
|
Term
Ca2+ can get transported between cells through. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zona Occuldens are located near the ____ surface of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junctions can be of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the protein that forms the gap junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connexon has ____ subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junctions allow the passage of _____ between neighboring cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Focal contacts connect the ______ with the ______. |
|
Definition
internal cytoskeleton
extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
Focal Contacts are an example of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Focal contacts use ____ proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Focal contacts are created by the alpha or beta subunit of an _____ protein in the extracellular domain binding to the ______, and then its intracellular portion binding through a linker protein to _____ of the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
Integrin
ECM
Actin (Microfilaments) |
|
|
Term
Integrins can be activated to bind _____ molecules either directly or by other signal transduction pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes connect _____ to ______. |
|
Definition
Intermediate filaments to Collagen fibrils of the ECM (Basal Lamina) |
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosome is a ____ type of junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is the universal linking protein, it can bind to any of the cytoskeleton components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes superficially resemble _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes superficially resemble half of a desmosome, but use _____ instead of ______ to connect the internal cytoskeleton with the extracellular environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmosome link _____ of one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adherens junctions link _____ of one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes anchors ____ to _____. |
|
Definition
Intermediate Filaments to the Basal Lamina |
|
|
Term
Each microvillus is a cylindrical projection of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cytoplasm within each microvillus contains _______. |
|
Definition
microfilaments (part of the cytoskeleton) |
|
|
Term
Microvilli are often found at the ____ surfaces of epithelial cells that are specialized for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An abundance of _______, containing ________ surrounds the microvilli. |
|
Definition
glycocalyx
PAS-positive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
Together, microvilli and their glycocalyx can be observed in the light microscope and are called the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Function of microvilli is to greatly ______ of the cell membrane, thus facilitating _____ in intestinal epithelial lining cells. |
|
Definition
increase the surface area
absorption |
|
|
Term
Stereocilia are cylindrical projections of the ______ that are more similar in structure to _____ than to ______, because they also contain bundles of _________. |
|
Definition
PM
microvilli
cilia
microfilaments (Actin) |
|
|
Term
Stereocilia are found at the apical surfaces of highly specialized epithelial cells, including the ______ and the _____ of the inner ear. |
|
Definition
ductus epididymis
hair cells |
|
|
Term
In the epididymis, stereocilia keep the spermatozoa _______, and they also ____ & ______ various materials that help sustain the viability of the sperm. |
|
Definition
in the center of the lumen of the tube
secrete and absorb |
|
|
Term
Stereocilia are Involved in ______ detected by the ear. |
|
Definition
sensations (balance and hearing) |
|
|
Term
If Stereocilia are sheared, then ______ may result. |
|
Definition
partial or total deafness may result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) are Cylindrical projections of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) contain very organized bundles of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) contain very organized bundles of microtubules that have grown from ______ in the cortical cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) are generally found in groups of many at the _____ surfaces of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Numerous Cilia (kinocilia) are found in the _____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) function is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cilia (kinocilia) are motile; in mammals this motility does not cause locomotion of the cell, but rather causes movement of ___________. |
|
Definition
extracellular materials across the surface of the cell. |
|
|
Term
In respiratory epithelium, cilia clear ________ and the _____ materials that become trapped in these secretions from the airways. |
|
Definition
epithelial secretions
inspired |
|
|
Term
Flagella, In humans these are found as a single long projection (~100μm) only in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Flagella contain a highly organized array of ________ in their cores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many _____ are located in the region where the microtubules of flagella where they arise from the basal body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Flagella are responsible for the motility of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zonulae occludentes (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) are Found near the _____ surfaces of epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The term zonula indicates that the junction _______ and connect it to ____ adjacent cells. |
|
Definition
completely encircles a cell
all |
|
|
Term
Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) When viewed by transmission electron microscopy, they are seen as places where membranes of adjacent cells are in very _______, with points of direct contact such that the intercellular space normally observed between cells is occluded and the membrane has a ________. |
|
Definition
close apposition
pentalaminar appearance |
|
|
Term
In freeze fracture preparations of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions), the ______, which connect the two plasma membranes, are observed as grooves and ridges near the apical surface of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three major transmembrane protein family groups comprise the core of tight junctions: __________. |
|
Definition
Claudins Occludin Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM) |
|
|
Term
Claudins of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) form the backbone of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peripheral membrane proteins of Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions): ________. |
|
Definition
Zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3) |
|
|
Term
Zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3) associate with the _____ portions of the transmembrane proteins and may regulate their _____ via signal transduction pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ & ______ permeabilize the Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) by acting on ZO-1 and ZO-2. |
|
Definition
Cholera toxins and cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
As the name occludens implies, these junctions form a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diffusion of materials from one side of an epithelial sheet to the other side normally _______ between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ diffusion of membrane proteins and phospholipids of the outer leaflet are also blocked by occludin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zonula adherens (________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In epithelial cell sheets, the Zonula adherens are usually found just underneath the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With respect to Zonula adherens the membranes of adjacent cells contain membrane-spanning glycoproteins called ______ whose extracellular domains bind to each other. |
|
Definition
cadherins ("classical" cadherins) |
|
|
Term
Are the individual bindings of Zonula adherens' cadherins strong or weak? |
|
Definition
Weak (but strong as a whole) |
|
|
Term
The intracellular part of the cadherin in Zonula adherens is linked to the actin ______ of the cytoskeleton by linker proteins such as the: _______. |
|
Definition
microfilaments
catenins (α, β, and p120). |
|
|
Term
dense plaques, which are most apparent in macula adherens and slightly apparent in Zonula adherens are ______. |
|
Definition
sites of insertion of microfilaments |
|
|
Term
The main function of Z.A.s is _______. |
|
Definition
adhesion of cells to each other. |
|
|
Term
Z.A.s are probably involved in the _______ into tubes during embryogenesis. |
|
Definition
folding of epithelial sheets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cytoplasmic faces of the membranes of the adjoining cells display dense “_____” in Macula adherens (desmosome). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Macula adherens (desmosome) transmembrane glycoproteins called _____ & _______ are responsible for the filamentous, extracellular material and are linked to the dense plaques at their intracellular portion. |
|
Definition
desmocollins and desmogleins |
|
|
Term
Desmosomes can occur at _____ on the membranes of adjacent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmosomes are typically observed below ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desmosomes are ____ shaped and occur as discrete plaques, not as ______ as for the two types of junctions described above. |
|
Definition
disc
not as belts that encircle the whole cell |
|
|
Term
Desmosomes function in ______. |
|
Definition
Adhesion between cells and stability of tissues |
|
|
Term
Desmosomes are the only junctions between cells of the ________. |
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium of the skin. |
|
|
Term
The disease pemphigus vulgaris is an _____ disease where patients produce _____ to the_________, causing severe blistering of the skin. |
|
Definition
autoimmune
antibodies
desmosomal glycoproteins (desmogleins) |
|
|
Term
Desmosomes are also a mechanical defense against ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
***The term “junctional complex” has historically referred to the commonly viewed set of junctions found at the apex of epithelial cells. In order, from apical surface to basolateral membrane, they are the tight junction, the adherens junction, and then the desmosome. Remember this fact! It may be important later! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junction (nexus) are held in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junction (nexus) are held in close apposition, ______ in distance between adjacent cell membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ of intramembrane particles can be seen in freeze-fracture preparations of Gap junctions (nexus). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The major constituent of Gap junctions (nexus) is a transmembrane protein called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ molecules of this connexin (Cx)form a cylindrical structure called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Gap junctions adjacent cells each provide one _______, it forms a structure called a ______ that has a central pore of ~1.5nm diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ______ is what is observed as an intramembrane particle circular patches in freeze-fracture electron micrographs of Gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ combine to form a gap junction. |
|
Definition
Up to several hundred connexons |
|
|
Term
Gap junctions allow for direct _______ communication between cells. |
|
Definition
cytoplasmic communication |
|
|
Term
Only small molecules (MW < ____ daltons) such as ions or the second messenger cAMP can pass through gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gap junctions allow the many cells within a tissue to function ________, such as in heart muscle where many cells must contract simultaneously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The opening and closing of gap junctions is regulated by: _______. intracellular pH, calcium levels, and phosphorylation of gap jct. proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connexin family of proteins take on abbreviations of ____ based on their migration in SDS pages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cx-26 mutations lead to _______. |
|
Definition
congenital deafness (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
Cx-46 and Cx50 mutations lead to ________. |
|
Definition
cataracts of the lens of the eye (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
Cx-32 mutations cause ______. |
|
Definition
demyelination of peripheral nerves. (Cx = connexin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) use transmembrane proteins called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For Focal contacts (adhesion plaques), Transmembrane receptors called ______ bind to _______ molecules. |
|
Definition
integrins
extracellular matrix (ECM) |
|
|
Term
Different integrin types are specific for particular ______ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
External binding of integrins to ECM molecules induces ________ to form cable-like _______. |
|
Definition
actin filaments
stress fibers |
|
|
Term
External binding of integrins to ECM molecules instigates several ________ that tell a cell to transcribe new genes, change its shape, or even to start moving. |
|
Definition
Signal transduction pathways |
|
|
Term
Transmembrane receptors called integrins bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (fibronectin, laminin, etc.), cluster together, and ________. |
|
Definition
recruit other proteins to that site |
|
|
Term
Cytoskeletal proteins recruited by the binding to the site of integrin to the ECM: _______ |
|
Definition
vinculin, α-actinin and talin |
|
|
Term
Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) functions in the anchoring of _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
cells to the extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) functions in the anchoring of cells to the extracellular matrix, this is particularly important in connective tissue which has little adhesion between ____ and a great abundance of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In addition to anchoring of cells, Focal contacts (adhesion plaques) also function in the _____. |
|
Definition
Reception of extracellular signals |
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes are similar to desmosomes, but they anchor _____ to ______ instead of to ______. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments to the extracellular matrix
another cell |
|
|
Term
Transmembrane components of Hemidesmosomes: _______ |
|
Definition
a. Integrins. b. Collagen type XVII |
|
|
Term
Components of the Hemidesmosomes plaque: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plectin crosslinks ________ to other _______. |
|
Definition
intermediate filaments
IFs, MTs, or MFs. |
|
|
Term
BP230 attaches the _____ to the attachment plaque of the hemidesmosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Erbin mediates the association between _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemidesmosomes Function to anchor _____ cells to the ______. |
|
Definition
anchor epithelial cells to the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
basal lamina is the name given to the extracellular matrix at the basal surface of epithelial cells that separates them from the underlying connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sometimes antibodies are made to the hemidesmosomal protein _____ or _____ resulting in the autoimmune disease called bullous pemphigoid, similar to pemphigus vulgaris. |
|
Definition
BP230 or collagen type XVII |
|
|
Term
Connective tissue often underlies an ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective tissue is mostly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium is possesses _____ connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective tissue is cell ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most of the nuclei seen in connective tissue is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Main function of connective tissue is to provide ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective tissue serves as a _____ reserve. |
|
Definition
Energy reserve (adipose tissue). |
|
|
Term
Connective tissue acts in defense by providing Physical barrier & _________ cells. |
|
Definition
Phagocytic and immune-competent cells |
|
|
Term
Connective tissue participates in _____ and _____ exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective tissue acts in the repair of tissues after wounding through _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blood vessels bring ____ and nutrients to cells residing in the extracellular matrix and take away ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arterial side: ____ hydrostatic pressure, _____ osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Venous side: _____ osmotic pressure, ____ hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Edema results when this system of “bathing” the ______ tissue becomes unbalanced. |
|
Definition
epithelial tissue through the connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Edema can be caused by Lower ____ blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lower venous blood flow, which can cause edema, can be caused by ______. |
|
Definition
a. Tumor or parasite obstruction. b. Congestive heart failure. |
|
|
Term
Edema can be caused by ______ vascular permeability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased vascular permeability, which can cause edema, can be caused by ______. |
|
Definition
a. Injury. b. Histamine release. |
|
|
Term
Starvation or excessive feeding cause edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Starvation can cause edema by _____ concentrations of plasma proteins which reduces the ______ pressure inside the capillary, reducing outflow of material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix is composed of fibers and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ground Substance is made up of: ______. |
|
Definition
GAGs. proteoglycans glycoproteins (fibronectin) water ions (Na+, K+, Ca++) |
|
|
Term
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are ____ chains of repeating _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long chains of GAGs added to a protein backbone |
|
|
Term
***Long chains of GAGs form a fairly rigid, ______ structure that attract _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
unbranching
water
cations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are highly _____, which is what attracts cations and therefore water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are usually found _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibronectin is a _____protein with many _____ domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans are predominately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glycoproteins are predominately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibronectin branched or straight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glycoproteins branched or straight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lamin is an example of a _____ protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans function structurally by binding to ______ and fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans function in ______ through hyaluronic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans convey protection by creating a gel-like consistency that impedes _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins have structural function by binding to integrins, fibers, & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins ______ the ECM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins are important in the development of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers are _____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen are Constructed from an assortment of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are over ____ different types of collagen molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen has a high content of: _______. |
|
Definition
glycine, lysine, proline (and OH-versions). |
|
|
Term
Collagen spontaneously forms into a tight ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hemidesmosomes are made up of ____ type of collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type II collagen is found in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
type I collagen is found in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen ______ accumulate and make up collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
End product of collagen formation in the ER/Golgi Complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Procollagen still has _____ attached which prevents collagen from self assembling in the cell which is very bad. |
|
Definition
registry peptides (3 pro alpha chains) |
|
|
Term
Collagen molecules undergo self assembly into _____ after their registry peptides are cleaved in the ECM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some fibril-associated (type ___ & _____ collagens) collagens form either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinks between adjacent _____ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ and Type ____ collagen stabilize collagen through intra and intermolecular bonds on the type ____ collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
9 and 11
2/1 (not really important) |
|
|
Term
______ are assembled into collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
Tropocollagen triple helixes |
|
|
Term
Collagen Fibrils are grouped into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen Fibers are grouped into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bundles of Collagen Fibers can form _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type _ collagen is most abundant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I collagen is formed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type III collagen (reticular fibers) is more associated with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Scurvy results from a vitamin C deficiency which is required for the ______ of collagen in the _____. |
|
Definition
hydroxylation of proline
RER |
|
|
Term
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis results from Excessive _____ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, _______ surrounds most organs as “______”. |
|
Definition
connective tissue
capsules |
|
|
Term
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, organs “______” and exhibit dysfunction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis is due to an aberrant _______ (either synthesis or destruction). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome has Several underlying causes, including a defect in: ________. |
|
Definition
lysyl hydroxylase (rare), procollagen peptidase, or Type III or IV collagen. |
|
|
Term
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome results in increased ____ of the skin ______ of joints, and _____ blood vessels are some of the symptoms. |
|
Definition
elasticity
hypermobility
fragile |
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers stain ______ in tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic Fibers have two main components: ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic Fibers have a ____ core surrounded by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic fibers are cross linked by _____ and modified _____ residues through a _____ in the center. |
|
Definition
Lysine
allysine (modified lysine)
desmosine |
|
|
Term
The cross linking of elastic fibers allow them to _______. |
|
Definition
Expand (stretch) and relax |
|
|
Term
Patients with mutations in the ______ gene develop Marfan syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibril 1 is the main protein component of ______. |
|
Definition
the microfibrils of elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
Patients with Marfan syndrome have defective _____ and therefore defective _____. |
|
Definition
microfibrils
elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
Aorta have high _____ content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue acts an energy reserve by using ______ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue participates in Nutrient and waste exchange between cells and blood supply by _____ of materials through connective tissue matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Edema is the excess accumulation of tissue fluid in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Causes of edema include, Lower _____ blood flow caused by obstruction due to tumors or parasites, congestive heart failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Causes of edema include, _____ capillary permeability from prolonged _____ response, due to injury or histamine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
wound healing is a function of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
connective tissues are composed of cells and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix is composed of ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
ground substance and fibers of different types |
|
|
Term
Ground Substance is made up by ______. |
|
Definition
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached to proteins to form proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are poly_________ composed of repeating ______ units. |
|
Definition
polysaccharides
disaccharide |
|
|
Term
Are GAG branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sugars of GAGs are highly _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sugars of GAGs are highly sulfated, making them hydro_____, attracting _____ ions, and causing formation of highly _____ gels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The sugars are highly sulfated and bound to a _______ core to form _______. |
|
Definition
protein core
proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
Hyaluronic acid is the only GAG that is _____ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyaluronic acid is a GAG found in _______. |
|
Definition
cartilage and synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
Chondroitin-4-sulfate is a GAG that predominates in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chondroitin-4-sulfate is a GAG that predominates in cartilage that is found in association with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans have 2 components: _______. |
|
Definition
carbohydrate (glycosaminoglycan) and a protein core |
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans 80-90% _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans are hyrdo____ poly____ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The preponderance of electrostatic interactions (mostly with Na+) cause proteoglycans to have a high level of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
proteoglycans have _____ turnover. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
proteoglycans are degraded by ______ enzymes and thus many of the ______ storage disorders result from accumulation of undigested proteoglycans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The protein core of proteoglycans is synthesized in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycosylation of proteoglycans occurs where? |
|
Definition
Initiated in the RER completed in the Golgi |
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans structural function is to bind ______ together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans functions: protection, structural, and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two examples of Proteoglycans: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aggrecan is Proteoglycans, found in _____ and connective tissue proper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins are predominately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycans are predominately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins are predominately are predominately with ____ attached. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoprotein's carbohydrates branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Proteoglycan's carbohydrates branched or linear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins function in adhesion of cell to ______ & in interaction between ______. |
|
Definition
Substrate
Neighboring Cell |
|
|
Term
Fibronectin is a _______, that provides _______ for cells, collagen, and GAGs. |
|
Definition
glycoprotein
Binding sites |
|
|
Term
Fibronectin is a _______, that functions in cell _____ and migration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Laminin is a _______, that is a large molecule found in the _______. |
|
Definition
glycoprotein
basal laminae |
|
|
Term
Laminin is a glycoprotein that is at least partially responsible for epithelial cell ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ is a glycoprotein in cartilage, mediates adhesion of chondrocytes to type II collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type ___ collagen is a glycoprotein that forms an essential part of the basal laminae underlying epithelial sheets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibers of the ECM consist of 3 types: ______ fibers, ______ fibers and ______ fibers. |
|
Definition
collagen fibers
reticular fibers (Collagen Type III)
elastic |
|
|
Term
Collagen fibers are formed by aggregation of many molecules of the protein ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Individual collagen polypeptides are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The different types of collagen (types I-VII described) contain different types of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the synthesis of collagen, the first step involves the synthesis of polypeptide ______ on rough ER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the synthesis of collagen, the first step involves the synthesis of polypeptide α chains on rough ER. These polypeptides initially contain a ____ sequence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The α chains assembled in the RER for collagen synthesis contain a signal sequence, and therefore are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In collagen synthesis, once the signal sequence is cleaved within the ____ the polypeptides are referred to as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pro in procollagen refers to the fact that these polypeptides have sequences called _______ at both ends of the molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ are not present in mature collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The registration peptides make procollagen a _____ molecule and are involved in proper alignment of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In collagen synthesis, hydroxylation of _____ & _____ residues within the ___ by the enzymes ____- & _____- hydroxylase . |
|
Definition
proline and lysine
prolyl- and lysyl
ER |
|
|
Term
Transport and secretion of ____collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When are the registration peptides removed from procollagen? |
|
Definition
After it has been transported out of the cell |
|
|
Term
registration peptides are removed by ______ enzymes, producing ______. |
|
Definition
procollagen proteinases
tropocollagen |
|
|
Term
Is tropocollagen soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tropocollagen molecules spontaneously aggregate to form _____ with 64nm periodicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tropocollagen molecules spontaneously aggregate to form fibrils with 64nm periodicity (only in types: _______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrils aggregate to form fibers (only in types: ______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Covalent crosslinking of ____collagen molecules is done by the enzyme ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen polypeptides can aggregate to form _____ structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tropocollagen is a ______ aggregate of collagen α−chains which is 280nm long. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibrils are composed of many ______ molecules, which aggregate and overlap to form long units, which can be seen to have a _____ peroidicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The periodicity of Fibrils results from the alignment of _______ molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Only collagen types: ________ form fibrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The tropocollagen molecules are held together in fibrils by: ______, ______, and ______. |
|
Definition
hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, and covalent crosslinks. |
|
|
Term
Collagen fibers are aggregations of ______ of varying thickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Collagen Characteristics include: inelasticity, flexibility, tensile strength greater than steel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Only collagen types: ______ form fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type _ collagen is most abundant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I collagen forms ____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type I collagen found in: _____. |
|
Definition
Most connective tissues. Bones. Dentin. Capsules. |
|
|
Term
Type II collagen is found in _______. |
|
Definition
Hyaline and elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
Type II collagen forms fibers/fibrils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type II collagen forms ______ Fibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type III collagen, aka _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type III collagen (reticular fibers) are found most places type _ is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type III collagen can ______ with other types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IV collagen makes up the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IV collagen does not ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type VII collagen is an _____ fiber in function, found in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Scurvy results from abnormal hydroxylation of _____ residues in the ____ caused by Vitamin C deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Scurvy collagen becomes ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ condition results from the overaccumulation of collagen fibers, |
|
Definition
Progressive systemic sclerosis |
|
|
Term
Overaccumulation of collagen fibers in Progressive systemic sclerosis, can be the result of overproduction or lack of ______ by fibroblasts, macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Progressive systemic sclerosis is a _____ problem causing the covering of various organs to harden. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS): One underlying cause is a defect in either the enzyme lysyl hydroxylase (____cellular activity) or the enzyme lysyl oxidase (____cellular activity), which results in abnormal collagen synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are Thicker, Collagen Fibers or Reticular fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers major component is type __ collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
***Reticular fibers major component is type III collagen, they also contain glycoproteins, which make them ______ (stain black with silver) and PAS-____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers form networks around and within ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers are abundant in _____ and ______ organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reticular fibers are Found where there is need for a _____ framework, such as blood vessels, liver, spleen, and smooth muscle particularly abundant during embryogenesis and in areas of inflammation and wound healing, but are later replaced by regular collagen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic fibers can reversibly stretch to ___ times their original length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic fibers have two chemical components: ________. |
|
Definition
elastin
Glycoprotein in the form of 10 nm tubular microfibrils |
|
|
Term
elastin of elastic fibers are amorphous protein in the _____ region of the elastic fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most elastin of elastic fibers is made by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Like collagen, elastin in elastic fibers is rich in glycine and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unlike collagen it has small amounts of hydroxyproline and no hydroxy_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
elastin contains the unusual amino acids ______ & _______, formed from covalent reactions among 4 lysine residues. |
|
Definition
desmosine and isodesmosine |
|
|
Term
elastin accounts for the rubberlike qualities also found in the fenestrated membranes (_______) of some blood vessels where it is deposited in ______ form. |
|
Definition
elastic laminae
nonfibrillar |
|
|
Term
Elastic fibers, in addition to elastin is also composed of a _______ in the form of 10 nm tubular microfibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ which serve as a framework into which elastin is deposited mature fibers are 0.2μm to 1.0μm diameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the synthesis of elastic fibers deposition occurs in three steps during ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the synthesis of elastic fibers, _____ are secreted first to form a hollow framework. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the synthesis of elastic fibers, Microfibrils are secreted first to form a hollow framework. At this stage the fibers are called _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxytalin fibers (a step in elastic fiber synthesis) are found in the _____ and ________ in adults. |
|
Definition
dermis
zonule fibers of the eye |
|
|
Term
Once the oxytalin fibers have been formed, _____ is secreted, then polymerizes to form ______, which is deposited in irregular bundles among the microfibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During Elastic Fiber synthesis when the elastin has been laid around the Microfibrils it is called a ____ fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elaunin fibers are found in the ____ and around ______ in adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The final stage of Elastic Fiber synthesis involves further elastin deposition where? and additional deposition of a thin sheath of microfibrils to produce elastic fibers. |
|
Definition
into the center of the fiber bundles |
|
|
Term
______ fibers of collagen synthesis are not elastic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxytalin fibers are not elastic and transmit the force generated by _______ to change the curvature of the lens of the eye, for example. |
|
Definition
ciliary muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant mutation in the gene for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ are the most abundant cell type in “normal” connective tissue proper (no inflammation or infection) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts secrete and turn over most _____ components, including collagen fibrils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts have a ____-shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts have a _____ cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are there granules stored in fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts have prominent ____ & _____ subcellular structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophage have a ____ or _____-shaped nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophage have abundant Abundant _____ and phagosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophage function is the ______ of microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages also function as a _____ storage depot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages function in the destruction of senescent ____ and other dead cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages function in Various aspects of the immune response through antigen _____, Destruction of _____ cells. and Production of various _____. |
|
Definition
presentation
neoplastic
cytokines |
|
|
Term
Macrophages function in the turnover of various ______ components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast Cells are ______ in size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast Cells Secrete many factors for immediate ______ rxns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast Cells Distribution is widespread, but especially along ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
airways and digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
Plasma cells have a characteristic ______ nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells are ____lived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ are the most common cell of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts secrete materials _______ or upon stimulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts have abundant ______ & well developed ____ complex, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Fibroblasts are no longer synthetically active and are now called _______, they become smaller and more _____ shaped and have more _______ staining nuclei and ____ abundant RER. |
|
Definition
fibrocytes
spindle
darkly
less |
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts synthesize the fibers of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts produce _______ in addition to fibers of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In addition to synthesis fibroblasts participates in the _____ of ECM components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are the ______ cells of the connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages have large _____ or ______ shaped ______ placed nucleus. |
|
Definition
round or bean-
eccentrically |
|
|
Term
Macrophages possess prominent organelles, including: Golgi, many _____, & RER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are ______ size (10-30μm). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are part of the ______ phagocytic system (a system of cells in different organs of the body involved in ______ [the ingestion and digestion of particles]). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are involved in the initiation of the immune response by stimulation of both plasma cell development and production of antibodies by plasma cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages/ Neutrophils have receptors for _____ on their PM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages/ Neutrophils have ___ receptors, which bind to the ___ regions of _____ antibodies, which are found on the surfaces of antibody coated bacterium. This induces phagocytosis of the bacterium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast cells are filled with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are filled with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast Cells secrete chemotactic factors that attract ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
neutrophils and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
Mast Cells contain Neutral proteases, which activate the _______ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts contain an abundance of _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do Mast Cells have continuous or regulated secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast Cells have ____ specific receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does IgE have the antigen bound when it first binds to the Mast Cell? |
|
Definition
No, not like IgG and macrophages where IgG is bound already to the bacterium before it binds to the Fc receptor on the macrophage. |
|
|
Term
After the Mast Cell has bound the IgE antigbodies to its receptor, it can now bind its antigen, after which a multivalent antigen causes the ____ of the adjacent IgE molecules (not receptors). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast cells release _____ by exocytosis following the binding of an antigen to the IgE antibody bound to its IgE receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells are a protein making machine and as soon as it makes them it secretes them, so what are you not going to see? |
|
Definition
Granules, because they do not store them, but has abundant golgi and RER |
|
|
Term
Plasma cells produce circulating ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells have a prominent and characteristic ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ Adipose Cells aka brown fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unilocular Adipose Cells function is to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells _____ lipid droplets per cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells are directly innervated by _______ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells contain many ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular Adipose Cells generate heat through the uncoupling of the proton gradient from ATP production by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
epicardium (heart) has ____ type of fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ break down the higher order macromolecules so that they can be adsorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lipoprotein lipases are produced by ___ and reside on ______. |
|
Definition
Adipocyte
nearest capillaries |
|
|
Term
In addition to fatty acids, Adipocytes import _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do Adipocytes import glucose in addition to the FAs? |
|
Definition
Glucose is used to make the glycerol backbone for the FAs to be assembled on to make the Triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
______ stimulates the uptake of glucose by Adipocytes . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is insulin's antagonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glucagon stimulates ____ in adipocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glucagon stimulates lipases in adipocytes to break down TGs in the _____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is adipose tissue vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is adipose tissue innervated? |
|
Definition
Yes, so epinephrine can act on them |
|
|
Term
Eosinophils migrate to sites of inflammation, by being attracted to ________ factor, which is released upon degranulation by _____ cells. |
|
Definition
eosinophil chemotactic factor
Mast Cells |
|
|
Term
Eosinophils are resident of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils secrete a major _____ protein, which is anti-______ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils secrete factors (arylsulfatase and _____) that break down leukotriene C and ____ (______ secretions). |
|
Definition
histaminase
histamine
mast cell |
|
|
Term
_____ cells keep mast cell granular secretions in check. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils can ______ antigen:antibody complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes are similar in size to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes are predominately _____, when observed under LM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connective Tissue Proper is made up of _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue has _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Connective Tissue has lots of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Connective Tissue can be further subdivided into ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elastic tissue has lots of elastic fibers and ______ in it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Supportive connective tissues are subdivided into _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue has a _______ role. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue is found in ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils reverse actions of _______ secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue have relatively few ____ fibers and relatively abundant ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue consits of many _____ fibers, and relatively few _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Dense Irregular Connective Tissue the collagen fibers are oriented in _____. |
|
Definition
oriented in all directions. |
|
|
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Resists tension from ____ directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue is found where? |
|
Definition
dermis, organ capsules, sometimes submucosa |
|
|
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue possess many _____ fibers and are all oriented in ______ direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue resists tension along _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ CT surrounds blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts have a Long, thin nucleus, with fine chromatin and prominent nucleolus, abundant ______, well developed ______, but few obvious vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts secrete materials by regulation or constitutively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are Fibroblasts called when no longer active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts synthesize the ____ of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fibroblasts produce _____ substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ are the phagocytic cells of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages have an _______ shpaed plasma membrane profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages have a large _______ shaped eccentrically placed nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages possess prominent organelles, including: Golgi, many ______, and RER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are _____ in size (___-___μm). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages motile or immobile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages may enlarge to form ____ cells, or fuse to form ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are involved in the initiation of the ______ by stimulation of both _____ development and production of _____ by _____. |
|
Definition
immune response
plasma cell
antibodies
plasma cells |
|
|
Term
Macrophages participate in cell-mediated response to _____, _____, and the destruction of old ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages arise from ______ which migrate out of the _____ and differentiate into macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*Mast cells are highly _____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast cells are important in the _____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Macrophages are part of the ____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast cells are found primarily in _____, ____, and ______. |
|
Definition
primarily in the dermis, the digestive tract, and the respiratory tract. |
|
|
Term
Mast cells are Large _____ shaped cells, 20-30 μm in diameter, small round nucleus, numerous _____ granules which sometimes obscure the nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Granules of mast cells have a heterogeneous interior with a laminated appearance; are _______ due to GAG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
**Granules of mast cells contain: ___________ |
|
Definition
histamine, neutral proteases, NCF (neutrophil chemotactic factor), ECF (eosinophil chemotactic factor) in addition to GAG (e.g., heparin). |
|
|
Term
Mast cells funciton in the immediate ______ reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mast cells funciton in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction, similar to the ____ cells of the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of ____ antibodies by plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of _____ receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of Fc receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. This first binding of antibodies to the membrane does what to the mast cell? |
|
Definition
sensitizes the mast cells. |
|
|
Term
In the inflammatory response brought by Mast Cells, An antigen (allergen) induces the production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells. The mast cells bind the IgEs because of Fc receptors for this immunoglobulin on the cell surface. This first binding of antibodies to the membrane sensitizes the mast cells. Upon a second stimulation by the antigen, the IgE/receptor complexes ______, which stimulates release of granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The granules release by Mast Cells are potent mediators of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Histamine affect _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
Vascular permeability and vasodilation. |
|
|
Term
Neutral proteases released from Mast Cells, activate the _____ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NCF, ECF-A realeased by Mast Cells attract _____ or ____ to the area. |
|
Definition
neutrophils or eosinophils |
|
|
Term
In addition to stimulating the release of Mast Cell granules, the cross-linking of IgE receptors activates phospholipase A2, which converts membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid, followed by the production of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leukotrienes are vasodilators and induce _____ contractions, but are thousands of times more potent than _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leukotrienes are quickly inactivated by ______-. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the hypersensitivity reaction from basophils or more importantly Mast cells becomes _______, then _____ results, which can be fatal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells are _____-producing cells of the connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells have a "_____" nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells are loaded with _____ and have a well developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells stain basophilic, except where _____ is found. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Well-developed Golgi complex of a plasma cell creates a ____ area of cytoplasm adjacent to one end of nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasma cells develop from _____ the of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antigens may stimulate B lymphocytes directly or by coming in contact with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leukocytes can migrate (by _____ through capillary walls) out of the circulation into the connective tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils are cells of ______ or of _____ infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils secrete _____ protein, which is active against parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eosinophils secrete arylsulfatase and histaminase, which break down ____ and _____, thus reversing the response initiated by mast cells. |
|
Definition
leukotriene C and histamine |
|
|
Term
Eosinophils _____ antigen-antibody complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ are the only source of histamine in blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Basophils have granules that are similar in composition to those of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T lymphocytes are the _____-lived cells of _____-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B lymphocytes are ____ cell precursors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
B lymphocytes are stimulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two types of Adipocytes: ______. |
|
Definition
Unilocular fat cells
Multilocular fat cells |
|
|
Term
With Unilocular fat cells the majority of the cell is filled with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unilocular tissue is found most areas of the body except: _______. |
|
Definition
a. Penis/scrotum. b. Eyelids c. The ear (except lobule). |
|
|
Term
Multilocular fat cells aka _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are larger, multilocular or Unilocular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Multilocular fat cells contain ______ fat droplets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adipose tissue Functions to serve as the body's ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell morphology (unilocular adipose)is a thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding the lipid droplet and a peripherally located nucleus give a ____ring appearance to the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Triglyceride storage is stimulated by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dietary fats (transported in blood as chylomicra) and triglycerides synthesized in liver (transported as very low density lipoprotein VLDL) are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme ______ (an enzyme that is stimulated by ______). |
|
Definition
lipoprotein lipase
insulin |
|
|
Term
Uptake of glucose from blood is stimulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Release of fat from adipose tissue is stimulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Release of fat from adipose tissue is stimulated by norepinephrine from the _____ nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mobilization of fat from adipose tissue is not _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Free fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue diffuse into blood and are carried by ______ to tissues requiring an energy source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased “fat mass” may occur by either of two mechanisms: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased number of adipocytes, mainly early in life. |
|
|
Term
Adipocytes secrete many _______. |
|
Definition
cytokines (adipocytokines) |
|
|
Term
Adipocytes secrete 2 types of cytokines (adipocytokines): _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adiponectin increases _______ in skeletal muscle & decreases plasma _____ levels. |
|
Definition
fatty acid oxidation
plasma lipid |
|
|
Term
Adiponectin is positively correlated with enhanced ______ in skeletal muscle and a reduced risk for diabetes. |
|
Definition
insulin signal transduction |
|
|
Term
Administration of adiponectin reverses ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leptin aka "_____ hormone" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leptin acts through the hypothalamus to negatively regulate ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
appetite and energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
Leptin effects on the autonomic nervous system can lead to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leptin amount increases with ______, suggesting some form of “leptin resistance”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leptin stimulates possibly indirectly fatty acid oxidation and ______ uptake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperleptinemia associated with _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
obesity and insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue is sometimes called _____ (air-like). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue fills spaces between ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
fibers and muscle sheaths |
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissuesupports most ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Loose connective tissue is flexible and well _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dense connective tissue is called dense because of increased numbers of _____ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|