Term
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Definition
A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable
To the subject, the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition |
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Definition
| A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures or probes during baseline |
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Definition
"A False Negative"
An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the IV had no effect on the DV when it actually did. |
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Term
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Definition
A) Repeating conditions w/in an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity
B) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings and/or behavior |
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Definition
| A term used by some authors as a synonym for ABAB design. also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes. |
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Term
| Delayed Multiple Baseline Design |
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Definition
| A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline and perhaps intervention are begun for one behavior (or setting or subject) and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion |
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Term
| Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
| An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measure of 2 or more behaviors (or subjects) in baseline condition, followed by treatment (tx) variable to one behavior or subject while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior/subject. Must gain stable response w/behavior 1 before moving on to behavior 2. Across behaviors or across subjects. |
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Term
| Multiple Treatment Reversal Design |
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Definition
| Any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effect of 2 or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another |
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Term
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Definition
Non Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) is used as a control condition instead of baseline condition.
During NCR condition, reinforcement is presented on fixed or variable time schedule independent of subjects behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effects on a subjects' behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subjects' experience with a prior condition. |
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Definition
| An experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using DRO as control condition instead of baseline condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase. |
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Term
| Multiple Treatment Interference |
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Definition
| The effects of one treatment on a subjects' behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study. |
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Term
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Definition
1. BSL phase (A) until steady/stable responding
2. Intervention phase (B) Treatment implemented until behavior changed and steady responding
3. Return to BSL (A) by withdrawing the IV / Tx to see if responding "reverses" to levels observed in original BSL phase. |
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Term
Alternating Treatment Design
aka: Concurrent Schedule design/ Multiple Element Design |
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Definition
| An experimental design in which 2 or more conditions (1 may not have Tx or be control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g. on alternating days) independent on level of responding |
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Term
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Definition
3 Phase design that begins with Tx condition
1) After steady response has been reached during (B)
2) the Tx is withdrawn (A) to see if responding changes
3) Tx is reintroduced (B) to try to get same level of responding as before |
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Term
| DRI/DRA Reversal Technique |
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Definition
| Demonstrates the effects of reinforcement it uses DRI or DRA as a control condition instead of a baseline condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influence on the behavior and getting stable responding before introducing the next condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Data points that do not fall w/in narrow range of values. No clear trend. |
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Term
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Definition
1 of 3 comp of exp reasoning
- accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the IV not been introduced.
-Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some (confounding) variable was resp. for the change in behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
A) Repeating condition with in an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity.
B) Repeating while experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subject, setting and/or behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wide variety of research designs that use a form of exp reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of IV on the bahvior of individual subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Data shows no evidence of up or down trend |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little change in dimennsional quantities over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any aspect of the experimental setting (e.g. light, temperature) that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variration |
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Definition
(The intervention or Tx)
The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the IV produce reliable changes in DV. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measure can be obtained. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (ex. size, color) temporal (antecedent, consequence) and/or functional (discriminative stimulus) dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus - stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the conditioned response (CR) (Pavlov) |
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Term
| Respondent Behavior (Phylogeny) |
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Definition
| Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. Induced by a stimulus that precedes the behavior: nothing else is required for the response to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus - response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future. |
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Term
| Operant behavior (ontogeny) |
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Definition
| Any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences (learned) |
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Term
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Definition
| The repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of a US; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the CS until the CR no longer appears in the indiviual's repertoire |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus is withdrawn or terminated following a behavior and there is an increase in the future occurence - (removal of an aversive - maintaining/increasing escape/avoiding behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus is PRESENTED following a behavior and there is an increase in the future occurence of the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus that follows a response and INCREASES the future frequency of that response |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and DECREASES the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
(AKA: Type 1 or punishment by contingent stimulation)
- A behavior is followed immediately by presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future occurence of the behavior (e.g. contingent work) |
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Term
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Definition
aka: Type 2 or punishment by contingent withdrawal
- A behavior is followed immediately by the REMOVAL/DECREASE IN INTENSITY of a stimulus that decreases the future occurence of the behavior (e.g. response cost) |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus that follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that response |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on an inappropriate behavior |
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Term
| 4 methods for implementing response cost |
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Definition
| direct fine, bonus response cost, combined with positive reinforcement and within a group arrangement |
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Term
| Examples of Positive Punishment |
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Definition
-Reprimands
-Response blocking - "blocking behavior"
-Contingent exercise - perform a response not topographically related to problem behavior
-Overcorrection/restitutional overcorrection
-Contingent Electric Stimulation. |
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Term
| Use contingent exercise for: |
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Definition
| Self-stimulation, stereotypic, disruptive, aggressive, and SIB |
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Term
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Definition
| Contingent on each occurence of the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for specified time, contingent on behavior |
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Term
| Types of Exclusion / Time-out |
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Definition
| Time-out room, partition time-out, hallway time-out |
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Term
| Types of Non-Exculsion Time-out |
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Definition
| Planned ignoring, withdrawal of specific positive reinforcer, contingent observation, time out ribbons |
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Term
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Definition
| Exclusion and Non-Exclusion |
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Term
| Ethical Considerations in use of punishment |
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Definition
1. the clients right to safe humane treatment
2. use least restrictive procedures
3. client's right to effective treatment |
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Term
| Possible negative effects of punishment |
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Definition
- Punishment may result in undesirable conditioned emotional response
- it may evoke countercontrol response.. ex) force to escape or avoid sD for punishment
- it may increase the use of punishment by caretaker though negative reinforcement
- may cause the people associated with the punisher to be conditioned aversive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli/events that function as punishers (decreasing the future frequency of the preceding behavior) only after being paired with other unconditioned or previously conditioned punishers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement is witheld for a previously reinforced behavior resulting in a temporary increase (extinction burst) followed by a decrease in the behavior |
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Term
| Discontinuous measurement |
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Definition
| Measurement conducted in a manner such that some intance of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli/events that function as reinforcers (increasing the future frequency of preceding behavior) only after being paired with other unconditioned or previously conditioned reinforcers |
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Term
| Motivating Operation (MO) |
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Definition
The 'Umbrella'
MO -> EO
MO -> AO
An environmental variable that alter (increase or decrease) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus/object/event and alters the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by stim/obj/event (eg Deprivation - EO, Satiation - AO) |
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