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| simple sugars, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines that were synthesized from the primitive seas (methane, ammonia, hydrogen water and salts) and energy (heat, electricity, solar radiation, x-rays, cosmic rays, UV light and radioactivity)that preceded the first life forms |
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| organisms that depend on outside sources for food |
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| Demonstrated in 1953 that the application of UV radiation and heat plus the mixture of methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen could result in formation of complex organic compounds. He set up an apparatus in which the four gases were circulated past electrical discharges from tungsten electrodes |
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| mammals convert ammonia (result of oxidative deamination) to urea for excretion |
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| a cluster of colloidal protein molecules surrounded by a shell of water |
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| nucleic acid polymers (+who discovered) |
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| a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides (most common types are DNA and RNA); they carry genetic info or form structures in cells(Friedrich Miescher in 1871) |
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| anaerobic respiratory processes |
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| the process of synthesizing ATP using the electron transport chain, with inorganic molecules other than oxygen used as a final electron acceptor. |
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| involves the use of an external energy source to make the complex organic molecules that we call food. |
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| include chemosynthetic bacteria |
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| green plants and phytoplankton |
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| heterotrophic aerobes: examples |
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| amoebas, earthworms, humans |
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| compounds that do not comntain the element carbon including salts and HCL |
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| made by living systems and contain carbon |
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| that substance of life;the living contents of a cell that are surrounded by a plasma membrane; Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides |
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| atoms join by chemical bonds to form compounds |
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| controls the amount of light passing through the specimen in a compound light microscope |
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| the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with various (mosaic)proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins can move freely within the membrane (fluid). |
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| A protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across the cell membrane;Carrier proteins can be involved in facilitated diffusion or active transport |
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| proteins that dna tightly coils around to form chromosomes. |
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| A structure within the cell that bears the genetic material as a threadlike linear strand of DNA bonded to various proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or as a circular strand of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the mitochondrion and chloroplast of certain eukaryotes. |
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| dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs |
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| streaming movement within the cell (transport within the cytoplasm) |
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| thin tubes made up of protein that are used to make structures involved in cellular movement such as flagella. |
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| involved in intracellular digestion; found in lysosomes (act/behave as hydrolases) |
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| injured or dying tissues do this by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing the hydrolytic enzymes |
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| simple diffusion of WATER |
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| when a medium has a higher concentration of solutes (less water) |
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| when water flows out of the cell; the cell shrivels; happens when cell is in a hypertonic solution |
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| when a medium has a lower concentration of solutes (more water) |
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| water flows into a cell in a hypotonic solution and the cell bursts |
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| organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain polymer and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues |
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| loosely bound organic cofactor |
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| molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
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| is an enzyme that is released by the chief cells in the stomach and that degrades food proteins into peptides |
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| hydrolyzes lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose |
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| degrades proteins to amino acids |
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| break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol |
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| a non-protein chemical compound that is bound (either tightly or loosely) to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. |
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| converts the energy of the sun into the chemical energy of bonds in compounds such as glucose |
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| involves the conversion of the chemical energy in bonds into the usable energy needed to drive the processes of living cells; it has 3 stages: pyruvate decarboxylation, CAC, and the ETC |
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| is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of hydrogen (H2) |
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| a series of reactions that lead to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the production of ATP and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH; happens in the cytoplasm |
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| substrate level phosphorylation |
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