Term
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Definition
| a law-like mathematical relationship that states whenever many random samples are drawn from a population and plotted, a normal distribution is formed and the center of such a distribution for a variable is equal to its population parameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of random sampling that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated unites are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sample aggregated units or clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| a range of values usually a little higher or lower than a specific value found in a smaple, within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the population parameter lies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sampling in which a researcher selects anyone he or she comes across. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sampling especially used by qualitative research s in which a researcher selects unusual or noncomforming cases purposely a away to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who engage in clandestine, deviant, or concealed activities and who are difficult to locate and study. |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of applied mathematics or statistics based on a random sample. It lets a rearcher make precise statements about the level of confidence he or she has in the results of a sample being equal to the population parameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of sample in which sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process. |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristics of the entire population that is estimated from a sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name for the large general group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and which usually stated in theoretical terms. |
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Term
| probability proportionate to size (PPS) |
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Definition
| an adjustment made in cluster sampling when each cluster does not have the same sampling elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sampling in which the researcher uses a wider range of methods to locate all possible cases of a high specific and difficult to reach population. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, the he or she selects a predetermined number of cases in each category. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of randomly selecting cases for telephone interviews that uses all possible phone numbers as a sampling frame. |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of numbers that has no pattern in them and that is used to create a random process for selecting cases and other randomization purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar mathematical random process so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| a smaller set of cases a researcher selects from a larger pool and generalizes to the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| a distribution created by drawing many random samples from the same population. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name for a case or single unit to be selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| how much a sample deviates from being representative of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of cases in a population or the best approximation of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inverse of sampling ratio, which is used in systematic sampling to select cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of cases in the population divided by the number of cases in the sample , or the proportion of the population that is in the sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sampling in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial resources, or his or her energy are exhausted or until there is no new information or diversity from the cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of random sample in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a pure, random method to select cases. Each sampling element in the population will an equal probability of being selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nonrandom sampling in which the researcher begins with one case, the based on the information about interrelationships from that case identifies other cases and then repeat the process again and again. |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram or map that shows the network of social relationships, influence patterns, or communication paths among a group of people or units. |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical estimate of a population parameter computed from a sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, then uses a random selection method to select cases for each category. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of random sampling where a researcher selects every kth case in the sampling frame using a sampling interval. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name for the large general group of many cases from which a sample is drawn and which is very specified in concrete terms. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which respondents must choose from a fixed set of answers |
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Term
| computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) |
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Definition
| Survey research in which the interviewer sits before a computer screen and keyboard and uses the computer to read questions that are asked in a telephone interview then enters the answers directly into the computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect in survey research where an overall tone or set of topics heard by a respondent affects how he or she interprets the meaning of the data. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research in which the respondent next goes to one or another later question depending on his or her answer. |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more pages the the beginning of a questionnaire with information about an interview or respondent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem in survey research question wording that occurs when two ideas are combined into one question and it is unclear whether the answer is for the combination of both or one or the other question. |
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Term
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Definition
| respondents who lack a belief or opinion, but who give an answer anyway if asked in a survey research question. Often, their answers are inconsistent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which respondents are first asked whether they have an opinion or know about the topic, and then only respondents with an opinion or knowledge are asked a specific question. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to order survey research questions in a questionnaire from general to specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of a survey research questionnaire when a telephone or face-to-face interview is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which a set of questions is listed in a compact form together, all questions sharing the same set of answer categories. (Box 7.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which respondents are free to offer any answer they wish to the question. |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect in survey research in which respondents hear some specific question before others and the earlier questions affect their answers to the later questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which respondents are given a fixed set of answers to choose from, but in addition an "other" category is offered so that they can specify a different answer. |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem in survey research question writing that occurs when a highly respected group of individual is linked to one of the answers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a follow-up question or action in survey research used by an interviewer to have a respondent clarify or elaborate on an incomplete or inappropriate answer. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question including the answer choice "no opinion" or "don't know". |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect in survey research when respondents tend to agree with every series rather than thinking through their answer to each question. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bias in survey research in which respondents give a "normative response" or a socially acceptable answer rather than a truthful answer. |
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Term
| standard-format questions |
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which the answer categories fail to include "no opinion" or "don't know". |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of survey research question in which respondents are likely to cover up or lie about their true behavior or beliefs because the fear a loss of self-image or that they may appear to be undesirable or deviant. |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect that occurs when a specific term or word used in a survey research question affects how respondents answer the question. |
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Term
| classical experimental design |
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Definition
| an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, an experimental group, and pretests and posttest for each group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity that occurs when participants in the control group modify their to make up for not getting the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person working for the experimenter who acts as another participant or in a role in from of participants to deceive them for an experiment's cover story. |
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Term
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Definition
| in experimental research, variables or factors that are not part of the intended hypothesis being tested, but that have effects on variables of interest and threaten internal validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the group that does NOT get the treatment in experimental research. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of deception in which the experimenter tells a false story to participants so they will act as wanted and do not know the true hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a researcher gives a true explanation of the experiment to research participants about the true nature of an experiment to research participants after using deception. |
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Term
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Definition
| when an experimenter lies to research participants about the true nature of an experiment or creates a false impression through his or her actions through his or her actions or the setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reactivity in which the participants in experimental research pick up clues about the hypothesis and alter their behavior accordingly. |
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Term
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Definition
the name of a symbol system used to discuss the parts of an experiment and to make diagrams of them.
O=observation of dependent variable, X=treatment/independent variable, R=random assignment |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity that occus when the treatment "spills over" from the experimental group and the control group research participants modify their behavior because they learn of the the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of experimental research in which neither the research participants nor the person who directly deals with the research participants for the experimenter know the specifics of the experiment. |
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Term
| equivalent time series design |
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Definition
| an experimental design in which there are several repeated pretests, posttests, and treatments for one group often over a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| arranging the parts of an experiment and putting them together (7 parts of experiment: 1. treatment/IV 2. DV 3. Pretest 4. Posttest 5. Experimental group 6. Control group 7. Random assignment) |
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Term
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Definition
| the group that receives the treatment in experimental research. |
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Term
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Definition
| threats to internal validity due to participant failing to participate through the entire experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| external validity in which the experiment is made to feel realistic, so that experimental events have a real impact on participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reactivity due to the experimenter indirectly making participants aware of the hypothesis or desired result. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to generalize from experimental research to settings or people that differ from the specific conditions of the study. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variable simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental research that takes place in a natural setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of reactivity names after a famous case in which research participants reacted to the fact that they were in an experiment more than they reacted to the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity due to something that occurs and affects the dependent variable during an experiment, but which is unplanned and outside the control of the experimenter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of two independent variables that operate simultaneously together. the effect of the variables together is grater than what would occur from a simple addition of the effects from each other. the variables operate together on one another to create an extra "boost". |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of experimenters to strengthen a causal explanation's logical rigor by elmininating potential alternative explanations for an association between the treatment and the dependent variable through an experimental design. |
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Term
| interrupted time-series design |
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Definition
| an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measurements, often only once. |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental research that takes place in an artificial setting over which the experimenter has great control. |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental design used to examine whether the order or sequence in which research participants receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity in experimental research due to natural processes of growth, boredom, and so one that occur to research participants during the experiment and affect the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of external validity in which the experimental conditions appear to be real and very similar to settings or situations outside a lab setting. |
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Term
| one-shot case-study design |
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Definition
| an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest. |
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Term
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Definition
| a false treatment or one that has no effect in an experiment. it is sometimes called a "sugar pill" that a subject mistakes for a true treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of the dependent variable in experimental research after treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They may be substituted in situations where an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the dependent variable prior to the treatment in an experiment. |
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Term
| quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| experimental designs that are stronger than preexperimental designs. They are variations of the classical experimental design that an experimenter uses in special situations or when an experimenter has limited control over the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| dividing research participants into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a random process, so the experimenter can treat the groups as equivalent. |
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Term
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Definition
| the general threat to external validity that arises because participants are aware that they are in an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity when groups in an experiment are not equivalent at the beginning. |
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Term
| Solomon four-group design |
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Definition
| an experimental design in which research participants are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups. Only one experimental group and one control group receive a pretest, all four groups receive a posttest. |
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Term
| static-group comparison design |
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Definition
| an experimental design with two groups, no random assignment, and only a posttest. |
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Term
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Definition
| a name for participants sometimes used in experimental research. |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| what the independent variable in research is called. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonreactive measures of the residue of activity of people or what they leave behind. (Garbology) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting raw information or data into another form for analysis. In content analysis, int is a means for determining how to convert symbolic meaning in text into another form, usually numbers (coding system). In QUANTITATIVE analysis, it is a means of assigning numbers. In QUALITATIVE research, it is a series of steps for reading raw notes and assigning codes or conceptual terms. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of instructions or rules used in content analysis to explain how to systematically convert the content from symbolic data to systematic content. |
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Term
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Definition
| research in which one examines patterns of symbolic meaning within written text, audio, visual, or other communication medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonreactive measures of the wear or deterioration on surfaces due to the activity of people. |
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Term
| fallacy of misplaced concreteness |
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Definition
| when a person uses too many digits in a quantitative in an attempt to create the impression that the data are accurate or the researcher is highly capable. |
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Term
| General Social Survey (GSS) |
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Definition
| a survey of random sample of about 1500 US adults that has been conducted in most years between 1972 and the present and is available for many researchers to analyze. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of content analysis coding in which a researcher identifies subject meaning such as general themes or motifs in a communication medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of content analysis coding in which a researcher first develops a list of specific words, phrases, and symbols , then finds them in a communication medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures in which people being studied are unaware that they are in a study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pages on which a researcher writes down what is coded in content analysis. |
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Term
| Statistical Abstract of the United States |
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Definition
| A US government publication that appears annually and contains and extensive compilation of statistical tables and information. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of watching what is happening in a social situation that is highly organized and that follows systematic rules for observation and documentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a general name for symbolic meaning within a communication medium measured in content analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for nonreactive measures, it emphasizes that the people being studied are not aware of it because the measures do not intrude. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a field researcher pretends to be less skilled or knowledgeable in order to gain access to a field site. |
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Term
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Definition
| the written notes a qualitative researcher takes during data collection and afterwards to develop concepts, themes, or preliminary generalizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in field research in which researchers maintain relations in a field site by pretending to be interested and excited by the activities of those studied, even though they are actually uninterested or very bored. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in field research in which researchers study a field site by mentally adjusting to "see" it for the first time as an outsider. |
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Term
| competent insider performance |
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Definition
| a method field researchers use to demonstrate the authenticity and trustworthiness of a study by the researcher "passing" as a member of the group under study. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in early field research when then researcher removes his or her past assumptions and preconceptions to become more open to events in a field site. |
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Term
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Definition
| notes taken in field research that attempt to include all details and specifics of the what researcher heard or saw in a field site. They are written in a way that permits multiple interpretations later. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to demonstrate the authenticity and trustworthiness of a field research study by showing that the researcher's descriptions of the field sites math those of the members from the site and that the researcher was not a major disturbance. |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to field research that emphasizes providing a very detail description of a different culture from the viewpoint of an insider in that culture in order to permit a greater understanding of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to social science that combines philosophy, social theory, and method to study. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to achieve reliability of data in field research in which a researcher cross-checks and verifies qualitative data using multiple sources of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more natural locations where a researcher conducts field research. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of group interview in which an interviewer asks questions to the group and answers are give in an open discussion among the group members. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person in an official or unofficial role who controls access to all or part of a field site. |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens when a field researcher in field research gets overly involved and loses all distance or objectivity and becomes like the people being studied. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a researcher in field research learns of illegal, unethical, or immoral actions actions by the people in the field site that are not widely known. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to achieve reliability of field data in field research in which a researcher examines the data for plausibility and sees whether they know form a coherent picture, given all that is known about a person or event, trying to avoid common forms of deception. |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research, what a researcher is inconspicuously writes while in the field site on whatever is convenient to jog the memory later. |
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Term
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Definition
| the insiders or native people in a field site who are being studied. |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to demonstrate the authenticity and trustworthiness of a field research study by having the people who were studied (members) read and confirm that which the researcher reported to be true. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that researchers should examine events as they occur in natural, everyday ongoing social settings. |
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Term
| normalize social research |
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Definition
| techniques in field research used by researchers to make the people being studied feel more comfortable with the research process and to help them accept the researcher's presence. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in comparative research for checking for lexicon equivalence. A researcher translates text from an original language into a second language, then translate the same text in the second language back into the original language, then compares the two original language texts. |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical-comparative research, the issue of whether the same ideas or concepts occur or can be used to represent phenomena across divergent cultural or historical setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue in historical-comparative research of whether social roles, norms, or situations across different cultures or historical periods are equivalent or can be compared. |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical research, a way to check the authenticity of primary sources by accurately locating the place and time of its creation (ie, its not a forgery). |
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Term
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Definition
| in comparative research, the problem of finding correlations or associations among variables or characteristics in multiple cases or units, when the characteristics are actually diffused from a single unit or have a common origin. Thus, a researcher cannot really treat the multiple units (e.g. countries, cultures, etc.) as being wholly separate. |
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Term
| Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) |
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Definition
| an extensive catalog and comprehensive collection of ethnographies on many cultures (mostly preliterate) that permits a researcher to compare across cultural units. |
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Term
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Definition
| how historical researchers establish the authenticity and credibility of primary sources and determine its accuracy as an account of what occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| finding equivalent words or phrases to express the identical meaning in different languages or in the translation from one language to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical-comparative research, creating and locating measures that will accurately represent the same construct of variable in divergent cultural or historical settings. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of recollection in which a researcher interviews a person about the events, beliefs, or feelings in the past that were directly experienced. |
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Term
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Definition
| at the start of historical-comparative research, reading several general but serious book-length works to acquire background knowledge about a specific era or culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative or quantitative data used in historical research. It is evidence about past social life for events that was created and sued by the persons who actually lived in the historical period. |
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Term
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Definition
| the words or writings of people about their life experiences after some time has passed. The writings are based on memories but may be stimulated by a review of past objects, photos, personal notes, or belongings. |
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Term
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Definition
| a special type of existing statistic research used in historical research because files, records, or documents are maintained in a relatively consistent manner over a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative and quantitative data used in historical research. Information about events or settings are documented or written later by historians or others who did not directly participate in the events or settings. |
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Term
| historical-comparative research |
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Definition
| research in which one examines different cultures or period to better understand the social world. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, a type of domain a research using categories or terms he or she developed to understand the social setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| a second coding of qualitative data after open coding. The researchers organizes the codes, develops links among them, and discovers key analytic categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, the name for a domain (i.e. cultural setting or site in which people regularly interact and develop a set of shared understanding) or "miniculture" that can be analyzed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of qualitative data analysis in which a researcher describes and reveals the structures of a cultural domain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a name for a conceptual categories in an explanation that a researcher uses as part of the illustrative method of qualitative data analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, a domain based on actual words, ideas, and phrases used by members in a social setting or historical actors in a specific era. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of qualitative analysis in which a researcher takes the concepts of a social theory or explanation and treats them as empty boxes to be filled with empirical examples and descriptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, the subtypes or parts of the cultural domain that are within a cover term and have a semantic relationship to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, a domain that combines the words and categories of members under study with categories developed by a researcher for analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of writing and analysis in field research and historical-comparative research in which the writer attempts to "tell a story" by following chronological order, describing particular people and events, and focusing on colorful details. |
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Term
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Definition
| a first coding of qualitative data in which a researcher examines the data to condense them into preliminary analytic categories for codes for analyzing data. |
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Term
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Definition
| a last pass at coding qualitative data in which a researcher examines previous codes to identify and select illustrative data that will support the conceptual coding categories that he or she developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| in domain analysis, a logical connection that links included terms in a domain to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of qualitative data analysis in which the researcher repeatedly moves back and forth between the empirical date and the abstract concept, theories, or models. |
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Term
| What is the population in random digit dialing? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling?
a) simple random sampling
b) systematic sampling
c) stratified sampling
d) cluster sampling
e) purposive sampling |
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Definition
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Term
| According do W. L. Neuman, the major ethical issue in survey research is....? |
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Definition
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Term
| In survey research, when respondents ten to agree with every question rather that thinking through, it is referred to as...? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the time between the pretest and posttest is very short, then the: |
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Definition
| maturation effect is less likely to occur |
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